Transcript Computer-aided design and drafting
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Engineering Drawing and Design
Learning Objectives • • • • Explain topics related to the history of engineering drafting Define drafter and other related terminology Identify categories and disciplines related to drafting Describe the requirements for becoming a drafter
Learning Objectives • • • • List and explain points to consider when seeking employment Identify the professional organization that is dedicated to the advancement of design and drafting Explain workplace ethics and related issues Identify topics related to copyrights, patents, and trademarks
Engineering Drawing • • Common language of engineering Process of creating drawings for any engineering or architectural application
Engineering Drawing • Also known as: • • • • • • Drafting Engineering drafting Mechanical drawing Mechanical drafting Technical drawing Technical drafting
Engineering Drawings • • Effective and efficient way to communicate: • • • • Design intent Engineering requirements Instructions Proposals Typically not open to interpretation
Mechanical Drafting • • Used in the manufacturing industry, or Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems
Manual Drafting • • Traditional drafting practice using pencil or ink on a medium such as paper or polyester film Mostly replaced by computer-aided drafting (CAD)
Computers in Design and Drafting • • Have revolutionized design and drafting practices Used in several industries and most engineering and architectural related disciplines for design and drafting
Computers in Design and Drafting • • • Computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) Computer-aided design (CAD) Computer-aided drafting (CAD)
Early Drawing Practices • • • Pictograms • and petroglyphs Prehistoric graphic forms of communication Designers of ancient structures and machines • Sketches, drawings, and documents 14th and 15th century • Engineering drawings representing machines and buildings
Early Engineering Drawing Pioneers • Leonardo da Vinci • • • 1452-1519 Italian artist, inventor, and mapmaker Created pictorial drawings generally without dimensions
Leonardo da Vinci
Early Engineering Drawing Pioneers • Leon Battista Alberti • • 1404-1472 Italian architecture and engineering author • Explored the need to incorporate more geometry in drawings • Proposed drawings with multiple views
Early Engineering Drawing Pioneers • • René Descartes • • 1596-1650 French inventor of the Cartesian coordinate system • Founder of analytic geometry Gaspard Monge • • 1746-1818 French developer of descriptive geometry
The Industrial Revolution • Parts produced from hand sketches or hand drawings on blackboards • Coleman Sellers, American engineer and innovator • Henry Ford, American automobile manufacture • Most designs began as a hand sketch of the object to build
The Industrial Revolution • • Interchangeability • became important Requires accurate drawings 19th century • Engineering drawing evolves more rapidly
Early Drafting Practices and Equipment • Drawings created by hand on a board • Initial drawing was done using a pencil, T square, triangles, scales, irregular (French) curves, compasses, and dividers • Drafters often traced original pencil drawings onto cloth using pen and ink • Attention to lettering quality
Drafting Machines • • • Replaced the T-square, triangles, scales, and protractor Arm and track (track shown) Parallel bar
Drawing Reproduction • Required for distributing drawings to manufacturers or builders • Blueprints
Replaced by the diazo process
Modern printers, plotters and engineering copiers create prints
Computer-Aided Design and Drafting (CADD) • • 1980s • Schools started teaching CADD 1990s • Many schools and companies make the complete transition to CADD • CADD now accounts for almost all design and drafting
The Drafter • • Prepares technical drawings and plans used by production and construction workers Fills in technical details using drawings, rough sketches, specifications, and calculations made by engineers, surveyors, architects, or scientists
The Drafter • • Uses technical handbooks, tables, calculators, and computers Most often uses computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) systems to prepare drawings
Other Common Titles • • • • • • Draftsperson Design drafter Drafting technician Engineering drafter CADD operator CADD technician • Discipline or task specific titles • Example:
Civil drafter
Civil engineering drafter
Construction drafter
Civil CADD technician
Drafting Fields • • • Specific drafting areas have unique conceptual and skill characteristics Drafters often create a variety of drawings even though they may be an employ in a certain field, or focus on a specific product Drafters often work with a team, individuals of the same discipline, and others related to a specific project
Aeronautical Drafter • • CADD models and drawings • • • • Airplanes Missiles Spacecraft Components and related equipment Specialization of mechanical drafting
Architectural Drafter • CADD models and drawings • Architectural and structural features of a building
Architectural Drafter
Automotive Design Drafter • • Working layouts and master drawings • Automotive vehicle components, assemblies, and systems Specialization of mechanical drafting
Cartographic Drafter • • Cartographer Maps of geographical areas • • • Natural and constructed features Political boundaries Other features
Casting, Forging, and Mold Drafter • • CADD models and drawings • • • Castings Forgings Modeled parts Specialization of mechanical drafting
Civil Drafter • CADD models and drawings • Construction or civil engineering projects
Civil Drafter
Commercial Drafter • • • Facilities Drafter Lays out the location of buildings Planning of arrangements in offices, large rooms, store buildings, and factories • Specialization of architectural drafting
Directional Survey Drafter • • Plots oil- or gas-well boreholes Specialization of civil drafting
Electrical Drafter • CADD models and drawings • • • • Electrical equipment Wiring diagrams Circuit board assembly diagrams Layout drawings
Electrical Drafter
Electronic Drafter • CADD models and drawings • • • Electronic devices and components Printed circuit boards Electronic equipment
Electronic Drafter
Geological Drafter • Geological or geophysical stratigraphy and locations of gas and oil deposits • • • • • • Maps Diagrams Profiles Cross sections Directional surveys Subsurface formations
Geophysical Drafter • Subsurface contours in rock formations
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Drafter • • HVAC contract documents from engineering schematics Detail drafter (detailer)
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Drafter
Industrial Process Pipe Drafter • • • Industrial Pipe Drafter, Piping Drafter, Pipeline Drafter CADD models and drawings • Layout, construction, and operation of oil and gas fields, refineries, chemical plants, and process piping systems Oil and gas drafter
Industrial Process Pipe Drafter
Landscape Drafter • CADD models and drawings • Landscape architecture
Mechanical Drafter • • Engineering Drafter Mechanical drafting for the manufacturing industry
Mechanical Drafter
Marine Drafter • • CADD models and drawings • Structural and mechanical features of ships, docks, and other marine structures and equipment Specialization of mechanical and structural drafting
Patent Drafter • Clear and accurate drawings of varied sorts of mechanical devices • Used by patent lawyer to obtain patent rights
Photogrammetrist • Analyzes source data and prepares: • • • Mosaic prints Contour-map profile sheets Related cartographic materials
Plumbing Drafter • • • Pipe Drafter CADD models and drawings • Installation of plumbing and piping equipment for residential, commercial, and industrial installations Closely related to industrial process pipe drafting
Structural Drafter • • CADD models and drawings • Structures employing structural reinforcing steel, concrete, masonry, wood, and other structural materials Detail drafter (detailer)
Structural Drafter
Technical Illustrator • Lays out and draws illustrations for: • • • Reference works Brochures Technical manuals
Technical Illustrator
Tool and Die Design Drafter • • CADD models and detailed drawing plans for manufacture of tools Specialization of mechanical drafting
Education and Qualifications • • • • • Postsecondary training in a drafting program Considerable experience with CADD systems and techniques Strong background in drafting principles Ability to apply knowledge to a broader range of responsibilities Mechanical ability and visual aptitude
Education and Qualifications • • • Ability to perform detailed work accurately Good interpersonal skills Knowledge of: • Drafting standards • • • • • Mathematics Science Engineering technology Manufacturing Construction methods
Advancement • • • • Entry-level or junior drafters Intermediate drafters Senior drafter, designer, or supervisor Opportunities include design, checking, purchasing, estimating, and management
Drafting Job Opportunities • • • Fluctuate with national and local economies Tied to industries that are sensitive to cyclical changes in the economy • • Construction Manufacturing Increasing temporary or contract employment
Drafting Job Opportunities • • • Mechanical drafting • Metropolitan areas where manufacturing is strong Civil or structural drafting • Areas that are more rural Electronic data transfer helps to create a broader range of opportunities
Searching For a Drafting Position • • • Education and training requirements vary with job opportunities and employer requirements Two-year, post-secondary degree advantage Cooperative work experience (CWE) or internship
Job-Seeking Strategy • • • • • Get your resume in order Write an application or cover letter Prepare a portfolio Register with employment services Use internet resources
Job-Seeking Strategy • • • • • Be realistic Research prospective companies Be prepared when you get an interview Ask intelligent questions Respond fast to job leads • • Make a decision with enthusiasm Send thank-you letters
Salaries and Employment Benefits • • Comparable to salaries of other professions with equal educational requirements Employment benefits are common and vary according to each employer
ADDA International • • • American Design Drafting Association, and American Digital Design Association Dedicated to the advancement of design and drafting and the graphics professions across all industries
ADDA International • • • • • • • • Leadership opportunities Certification program Certified curriculum program Professional councils and student chapters Annual Design Drafting Week, Technical and Educational Conference, and poster and design drafting contest Product and publication approval Publications Employment Center
Drafting Standards • • • • Established in most industries, schools, and companies Promote safety, reliability, quality, productivity, interchangeability, and efficiency Lowers costs and simplifies training Code
Drafting Standards • Apply to: • CADD file storage, naming, and backup • • • • • • File templates Units of measurement Layout characteristics Borders and title blocks Symbols Layers, and text, table, dimension, and other drafting styles • Plot styles and plotting
Common Engineering Drawing and Design Standards • • • • • American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) standards • Accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) American Welding Society (AWS) standards CADD Skill Standards International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards United States National CAD Standard (NCS)
Workplace Ethics • Elements of a code of ethics : • • • Be dependable Obey the laws Be good to customers
Intellectual Property Rights • • • Protecting product research, engineering, and development Employees must help protect design ideas and trade secrets Proprietary notes on drawings
Software Piracy • • It is against the law to share copies of some software Use software legally and report illegal use when observed
Copyrights • Control exclusively the reproduction and distribution of: • • • Literary, musical, and dramatic works Pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works Motion pictures and other audiovisual works • • Sound recordings Architectural and certain other intellectual works
Patents • • • 20-year term U.S. patent grants effective only within the U.S., U.S. territories, and U.S. possessions Subject matter must be useful
Application for a Patent • • Nonprovisional Application for a Patent Provisional Application for a Patent
Patent Drawings • • Form an integral part of a patent application Must show every feature of the invention
Trademarks • • • Different from a copyright or a patent Rights start from the actual use of the mark Federal registration not required, but offers advantages • Service mark