Transcript Lifespan Physical Activity

Introduction to Physical
Education, Fitness, and Sport
Chapter 1
The dilemma of our times:
Lifespan physical activity and the obesity crisis
What do we know about the role and place of
physical activity?
 It is possible and desirable.
 It is not just for children and youth, but . . .
EVERYONE!
 It has strong protective effects on one’s
health.
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We face a health crisis . . .
What are some of the critical indicators?
 Prevalence of overweight and obese persons and
its impact on public health (see Box 1.3).
 It occurs across age groups.
 More common in children and youth from lower
SES groups, minorities (especially blacks and
Latinos, Mexicans), and those who have
disabilities.
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Reaching the national health goals cannot be
achieved by one single group of professionals.
Which groups need to team up?
 Physical educators.
 Fitness professionals (e.g., health clubs, personal
trainers).
 Recreation leaders (e.g., Boys & Girls clubs, Parks
& Recreation programs.
 Club sport programs.
 Others?????
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“Lets Move” “Play60”
What current efforts are aimed at reversing the
health crisis?
 Emergence of “lifestyle management” within the
wellness movement.
 Policymakers pushing for high-quality, daily
Physical Education in schools.
 2004 Renewal of the 1966 Child Nutrition Act
>>> School Wellness Policy required in each
school district.
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(NASPE GA) “go to Shape of the Nation”
What current efforts are aimed at reversing the
health crisis? (continued)
 State legislation that increases minimum
requirements for nutrition, nutrition education
and Physical Education/physical activity.
 Establishment of National Health objectives:
>> Healthy People 2000 (1991) & Healthy People 2010
(2000)
>> Primary Goals:
1. Increase life expectancy & quality of life for all
2. Decrease / Eliminate health disparities
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Lifespan Physical Activity
In our culture, what are the common
stereotypes for
a) who is active?
b) what activities do they engage in?
(moderate or vigorous intensity?)
A revolution for public health . . . :
Moderate intensity physical activity for ALL across
the lifespan
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Lifespan Physical Activity
What might it look like . . . ?
► Early Years
► Youth
► Young Adults
► Older Adults
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Lifespan Physical Activity
. . . during Early Years?
(Birth – Age 7)
 Movement & motor play = Learning
about surroundings and life.
 Informal, less structured, & less goal
directed.
 Largely dependent on parents
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Lifespan Physical Activity
. . . during Early Years?
(Birth – Age 7)
► Early Childhood PA Programs (see Box 1.4)
> Mostly commercial (i.e., fee-based).
> More in affluent/suburban areas.
> Less accessible to lower-income groups.
> Facilities and equipment are modified.
> PA habits are formed in childhood.
> Their importance is well accepted.
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Lifespan Physical Activity
. . . during Early Years?
(Birth – Age 7)
► Children’s Sport Opportunities
> Dramatic increase in recent years.
> Emergence of “age-group” programs.
> Variance in organization (recr. v. competition)
> Variance in support (volunteer parents
v. organizations such as Kiwanis)
> Well-designed programs can provide positive
sport experiences.
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Lifespan Physical Activity
. . . during Early Years?
(Birth – Age 7)
► Elementary-School Physical Education
> While importance is recognized, status is
marginal (e.g., time in PE; who teaches it).
> K-2: Focus on fundamental motor skills;
adventure activities, coop. games & team
building.
> Grade 3-5: Increased focus on modified
versions of sport.
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Lifespan Physical Activity
. . . for Youth?
(ages 10-18)
 Middle and High schoolers either become
more active or more sedentary.
 HS Phys. Educ. requirements are 1-2
semesters.
 Involvement in other activities (e.g., band,
school sport; dance team) may exempt
students from Physical Education
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Lifespan Physical Activity
. . . for Youth?
(ages 10 – 18)
 Fitness centers in HS are becoming
more common (w. access for communities.
 Access for public during after school
hours and evenings.
 Physical activity venues are now more
accessible for youth year round.
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Lifespan Physical Activity
. . . for Youth?
(ages 10 – 18)
► High School Interschool Sport Program
> Participation has steadily increased in the
last decade (~7,200.000 students).
> Booster clubs for many sports to
supplement funding.
> Coaches may come from outside of the ranks
of licensed teachers.
> Most expect year round strength
conditioning, & have an athletic trainer.
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Lifespan Physical Activity
. . . for Youth?
(ages 10 – 18)
► Out-of-School Sport
> Students will engage in sports not typically
seen in HS programs.
> Practice and competition involvement equals
that of athletes in HS programs.
> Involvement and accomplishment may well
go unnoticed at school.
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Lifespan Physical Activity
. . . for Young Adults?
(Age 18 and over)
 Entry into the workforce or furthering
education.
 Establishing patterns of work and play.
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Lifespan Physical Activity
. . . for Young Adults?
(Age 18 and over)
► University Recreation & Fitness
programs
> Attractive facilities help attract and retain
students.
> Extensive choice in sport and fitness
programs & activities. (see Box 1.5)
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Lifespan Physical Activity
. . . for Young Adults?
(Age 18 and over)
► University Recreation & Fitness
programs (cont’d.)
> Extensive array of Sport Clubs for regional
and national competition.
> Outdoor Adventure program offerings are
common.
> Intramural programs and elective “General
Physical Activity” courses are popular with
students.
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Lifespan Physical Activity
. . . for Young Adults?
(Age 18 and over)
► Community recreation
> Municipal and private fitness facilities offer
fee-based PA opportunities (e.g., YMCA, Parks
& Recreation).
> Community rec. programs cater to all ages.
> Availability of such programs can attract new
community residents.
> Municipality-maintained parks, and trails
offer additional access for PA (often free).
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Lifespan Physical Activity
. . . for Young Adults?
(Age 18 and over)
► Informal Participation
> Very popular among young and older adults.
> Can contribute to health and quality of life.
> Popular examples include: Cycling, swimming,
walking, jogging skating, tennis, and golf.
> Other (less visible) include mountain
biking, rock climbing, and backpacking.
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Lifespan Physical Activity
. . . for Older Adults?
 Myths about the dangers of (vigorous)
physical activity for older adults.
 1980’s brought about a gradual shift.
 Today, older adults are learning to be
more active (preferring low impact
activities).
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Lifespan Physical Activity
. . . for Older Adults?
► Master Athlete Programs
> Hail from Europe.
> Increasingly popular.
> Track & Field , Swimming.
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Lifespan Physical Activity
. . . for Older Adults?
► Physical Activity Forever
> Increased life expectancy increases need
for PA in older adults > maintain health.
> Inactive lifestyle adds to health care
cost.
> Previous generations never viewed fitness
and active lifestyle as essential.
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New Settings for Sport, Fitness,
and Physical Education
► Sport Clubs (fee-based, caters to different ages and skill levels)
► Sport Medicine Centers (specializes in injury treatment, rehab,
independent from hospitals, caters to all ages)
► Home Fitness (homes now often include a fitness room)
► Worksite programs (reduced health care insurance cost)
► Sport / Games Festivals (offers competition for all ages and
skill levels).
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What are the emerging characteristics
of Lifespan Physical Activity?
► An early start helps
► Breakdown of gender and age stereotypes
► Emphasis from youth to adults
► Increased role by private sector
► New professionals
► Increased availability of information
► Role of technology
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Major issues and what to do about
them?
► Increased opportunities for PA vs.
overweight/obesity crisis.
► Disparities between groups relative to access and
opportunity for PA, Sport, Fitness.
► Role of “built environment” in suppressing vs.
increasing PA.
► Poor infra-structure to support PA for ALL.
► Having professionals become “boundary-crossers.
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