Transcript LWW PPT Slide Template Master - Northern Highlands Regional HS

Chapter 4: Patient Care: Nursing
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Registered Nurses
• Overview
–
Most education & widest scope of practice of nurses
–
Largest health care occupation in U.S.
–
Large demand
–
Diverse work settings
–
Flexible working arrangements
–
U.S. News & World Report: one of the best careers of 2010
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Registered Nurses (cont’d)
• History of the Profession
–
Ancient times: women tending families during sickness
–
Early Christian times: deaconesses & religious orders provided
care
–
Early 16th century: criminals served as nurses in lieu of jail
time
–
18th & 19th centuries: reform in roles
–
Florence Nightingale: elevated nursing to respected profession
–
After WWII: universities & colleges set up schools of nursing
–
States developed & adopted a national licensing exam for nurses
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Registered Nurses (cont’d)
Florence Nightingale, Clara Barton, Isabel Hampton Robb, & Mary
Mahoney (Courtesy of the Center for the Study of the History of Nursing,
University of Pennsylvania)
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Registered Nurses (cont’d)
• Diploma Programs
–
Offered by hospitals
–
3 years to complete
–
Earliest of nursing programs
–
Main source of graduates until 1960s
–
Decreasing in number in recent years
–
Emphasis on clinical experience in direct patient care
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Registered Nurses (cont’d)
• Associate’s Degree Programs
–
Associate’s degree in nursing (ADN)
–
Offered at community or junior colleges
–
Typically 2-3 years
–
Prepare nurses for various settings
• Hospitals
• Long-term care facilities
• Home health care
–
Provide technical skills
–
Prepare students to carry out nursing roles & functions
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Registered Nurses (cont’d)
• Bachelor’s Degree Programs
–
Bachelor of science in nursing (BSN)
–
4 years to complete
–
Accelerated BSN programs for those who already have bachelor’s
–
Built on general education base
–
Concentration on nursing at upper levels
–
Emphasis on working with health care team, research,
foundation for graduate study, variety of practice settings
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Registered Nurses (cont’d)
• Course Work
–
Anatomy
–
Physiology
–
Microbiology
–
Chemistry
–
Nutrition
–
Psychology
–
Nursing practice
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Registered Nurses (cont’d)
• Further Education
–
Bachelor’s degree
• RN-to-BSN bridge program
• Required for many administrative, managerial, & community
health positions
• Accelerated master’s degree programs (combined BSN &
MSN)
–
Master’s degree programs
• Required for all advanced practice nurse specialties
–
Doctoral degree programs
–
In-service education (on-site training)
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Registered Nurses (cont’d)
• Licensure
–
NCLEX-RN: licensing exam for RNs
–
Exam & licensure is by states
–
Nurse practice acts: regulation of nursing by states
–
License renewal required
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Registered Nurses (cont’d)
• Certification
–
Specialty certification available
–
Leads to higher pay
–
American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN)
–
American Nurses Association (ANA)
–
Requires:
• Licensure
• Bachelor’s degree or graduate degree or work experience
–
Must be renewed every 3 (AACN) or 5 (ANA) years
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Registered Nurses (cont’d)
• General Duties
–
Care & treatment of patients
–
Supervision of other nurses & nursing assistants
–
Protection of patient rights
–
Advice & emotional support to families of patients
–
Communication with other health care professionals
–
Patient education
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Registered Nurses (cont’d)
• Specialties
–
Emergency or trauma care
–
Critical care
–
Addiction
–
Diabetes
–
Specific organs & body systems (e.g., cardiovascular)
–
Specific population (neonatal, pediatric, geriatric)
–
Advanced practice
–
Non-patient (infection control, forensics, informatics, case
management)
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Registered Nurses (cont’d)
• Personal Characteristics
–
Desire to help others
–
Caring, sympathetic attitude
–
Detail-oriented
–
Flexible
–
Good judgment
–
Responsible
–
Team work
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Registered Nurses (cont’d)
• Employment Opportunities and Trends
–
32% growth from 2008 to 2018
–
In demand due to:
• Improvements in medical technology
• Increased emphasis on preventive care
• Growth in number of older adults
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Registered Nurses (cont’d)
• Professional Organization
–
ANA
–
Formed from state nurses’ associations
–
Founded in 1896
–
Sets standards of practice
–
Encourages research to advance nursing practice
–
Advocates on behalf of nursing at state & federal levels
–
Benefits: subscription to journals, discounts on certification,
online continuing education, conferences, educational events
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Licensed Practical Nurses
• History of the Profession
–
1892: first formal training program in U.S., at YWCA
–
1930: 11 practical nursing schools were operating
–
Late 1930s: process of state licensure begun
–
Expansion after WWII due to shortage of RNs & other factors
–
1941: Association of Practical Nurse Schools founded
–
Renamed National Association for Practical Nurse Education and
Service (NAPNES)
–
1955: All states had licensure laws
–
1966: Accreditation of schools by National League for Nursing
begun
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Licensed Practical Nurses (cont’d)
• Education
–
Training in bedside nursing care
–
Programs offered by:
• Technical & vocational schools
• Community/junior colleges
–
Programs require HS diploma or equivalent
–
Last about 1 year
–
Classroom study & supervised clinical practice
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Licensed Practical Nurses (cont’d)
• Course Work
–
Basic nursing concepts
–
Anatomy & physiology
–
Medical-surgical nursing
–
Pediatric nursing
–
Obstetric nursing
–
Pharmacology
–
Nutrition
–
First aid
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Licensed Practical Nurses (cont’d)
• Professional Certification
–
Licensure required in all states
–
Requires:
• Graduation from state-approved program
• Passing the NCLEX-PN
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Licensed Practical Nurses (cont’d)
• Work Responsibilities
–
Hands-on tasks
–
Basic nursing care
–
Collect lab samples
–
Perform routine tests
–
Assist physicians & RNs in administering tests
–
Monitoring
–
Cleaning medical equipment
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Licensed Practical Nurses (cont’d)
• Personal Characteristics
–
Empathetic
–
Emotionally steady
–
Observant
–
Good communication skills
–
Patient
–
Able to follow orders & work under supervision
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Licensed Practical Nurses (cont’d)
• Employment Opportunities and Trends
–
Growing occupation: 21% between 2008 & 2018
–
Best opportunities in:
• Home health care
• Nursing care facilities
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Licensed Practical Nurses (cont’d)
• Professional Organization
–
NAPNES
• Founded by LPNs
• Develops practice & education standards for LPNs
• Represents LPNs in national meetings
–
National Federation of Licensed Practical Nurses (NFLPN)
• Governed completely by LPNs
• Promotes high standards of education & practice
• Monitors legislation
• Represents LPNs before Congress
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Certified Nursing Assistants
• Overview
–
Perform simple, basic nursing functions
–
Provide care of patients’ personal needs
–
Are under direction of LPN or RN
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Certified Nursing Assistants (cont’d)
• History of the Profession
–
Delegation of nursing tasks to auxiliary personnel after WWII
–
Assistants began to take over tasks of student nurses
–
Assistants began working in long-term care facilities & hospitals
–
1980s: U.S. Institute of Medicine recommended formal training
–
1987: Law passed requiring all states to set up training
programs
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Certified Nursing Assistants (cont’d)
• Education
–
Required for certification:
• Completion of state-approved training program
• Passing a competency test
–
Training programs
• Minimum of 75 hours
• Available at vocational schools, community colleges, Red
cross, health care facilities
–
Recertification requires at least 12 hours of in-service education
each year
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Certified Nursing Assistants (cont’d)
• Course Work
–
Documentation skills
–
Anatomy & physiology
–
Infection control
–
Bathing, dressing, & other
personal care skills
–
Patient room upkeep
–
Patient/resident rights
–
Nutrition
–
Safety & emergency
procedures
–
Communication skills
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Certified Nursing Assistants (cont’d)
• Work Responsibilities
–
Hands-on, personal patient care
–
Assist with personal hygiene
–
Serve meals
–
Help patients eat & dress
–
Transport patients
–
Answer patient calls
–
Take vital signs
–
Assist other medical staff
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Certified Nursing Assistants (cont’d)
• Personal Characteristics
–
Empathy
–
Patience
–
Emotional strength
–
Cooperation
–
Respect
–
Professionalism
–
Responsibility
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Certified Nursing Assistants (cont’d)
• Employment Opportunities and Trends
–
Part of a category called nursing aides, orderlies, & attendants
–
19% growth between 2008 & 2018
–
Growth is due to:
• Aging of population & need for long-term care
• Early discharges of patients from hospitals
• Life-extending technologies
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Certified Nursing Assistants (cont’d)
• Professional Organization
–
National Association of Health Care Assistants
–
Provides development training & mentoring programs
–
Advocates on issues related to caregivers & long-term care
–
Membership benefits
• Educational opportunities
• A news magazine
• A national convention
• A national awards program
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins