Transcript Relational Models for Aggregates

OCLC
Research
Relational Models for Aggregates
Ed O’Neill
IFLA FRBR Workshop
Dublin, Ohio, May 2, 2005
Aggregates
When you focus on
one part, it’s hard the
see the big picture
There are many
incompatible views of
aggregates
Aggregates are Common
• Originally published in 1771, it
is generally regarded as
Smollett’s finest novel
• 48 distinct expressions have
been identified
• 274 manifestations in WorldCat
– 190 in single work
manifestations
– 78 in aggregates (probably
more; many still unidentified)
Focus
• Types of Works
• Granularity (Work or Aggregate)
• FRBR Models for Aggregates
Types of WorldCat Works
• Elemental: Works have only a single
manifestation (78 %)
• Simple: Works have only a single
expression but multiple manifestations
(16 %)
• Complex: Works have multiple
expressions (6 %)
–
–
–
–
Revisions (53%)
Translations (26%)
Aggregates (9%)
Augmentations (2%)
Augmentations
Works where material has been added without changing the
original
The Expedition of Humphry Clinker has been extensively
augmented with: notes, introductions, illustrations,
bibliographies, glossaries, etc.
This drawing by
Hablot Knight
Browne was used to
illustrate several
editions of the
Expedition of
Humphry Clinker
Revisions
Works that have been updated
 1st (1968) and 2nd (1971)
editions are authored by
John Phillip Immroth.
 3rd (1980) and 4th (1990)
editions are authored by Lois
Mai Chan and “Immroth’s”
was added to the title.
 For the 5th (1999) edition,
“Immroth’s” was dropped to
revert back to the original
title.
Aggregates
Multiple works combined to form an aggregate
Translations
Works in which all expressions, except
the original, are translations
Defining a Work
• Guidelines for identifying the boundaries between
one work and another are briefly presented in the
Report; Barbara Tillett developed a chart that
further clarified these boundaries
• The Report provides little guidance on
differentiating between components, works, and
aggregates
• Clear guidelines for identifying components,
works, and aggregates are a key to developing
the full potential of FRBR
Need for Consistency
The Report states that “it is difficult to define precise
boundaries for [works]” and that “the concept of what
constitutes a work and where the line of demarcation
lies between one work and another may in fact be
viewed differently from one culture to another.”
This fails to adequately consider the impact of such
flexibility in a shared cataloging environment where
consistency is essential. Differing definitions of a
work will result in multiple entries (duplicates) for the
identical conceptual entity.
Universality Principle
If an entity is a work in any of its
manifestations, it is a work in all
manifestations
• The criteria for identifying a work must be
based on the properties of the work
• Since a work is an abstract entity, its
properties are independent of its
manifestations
Definitions
• Work: The smallest autonomous
intellectual or artistic entity
• Aggregate: An entity comprised of
multiple works
• Component: A subunit or component
part of a work
Criteria
A work is the smallest entity that:
• Has an identity (Author / Title)
• Was created independently
• Can be used autonomously
• Is the typically cited entry
• Is sold, published, or distributed separately
• Has separable rights (Copyright)
Granularity Example
Set of
Aggregates
Collected into
Aggregate
Grouped into
Work
Comprised of
Components
3 Models for Aggregates
• Single Work
• Work of Works
• Manifestation of Works
Single Work Model
• Simple, non-recursive
Aggregate
Work
• All aggregates considered to be a distinct
work
• Each combination (or permutation) of
expressions becomes a new work
Expression
Manifestation
• Identity of individual works is lost
• Distinction between the work and the
expression is obscured
• Most aggregate works have a single
expression; often a single manifestation
Single Work Model
Aggregate
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Work of Works Model
• Highly complex, recursive
Aggregate
• An individual work can be
part of multiple aggregates
Work
Expression
Expression
• Each aggregate or work
can have multiple
expressions with multiple
manifestations
• Few practical benefits
Manifestation
Manifestation
• Successful applications
limited to very simple cases
Work of Works
 w1 Robertson Davies’ The Deptford trilogy
 w1.1 Robertson Davies’ Fifth business
 w1.2 Robertson Davies’ The manticore
 w1.3 Robertson Davies’ World of wonders
Report, p. 28
Manifestation of Works Model
Work
Work
Work
Expression
Expression
Expression
• Relatively simple, non-recursive
• Aggregates are primarily physical
entities—not abstract
• An aggregate is considered to be a
manifestation rather than a work
• Expressions retain their identity in
all manifestations
Manifestation
Manifestation
Manifestation
Aggregate
Manifestation
• Identity of individual works is
maintained
• Distinction between the work and
the expression is preserved
Basis for Manifestation of Works
Work
Is realized
through
Only Many-to-Many
Relation
Expression
Is embodied in
Manifestation
Smollett’s Works
w1 Robertson Davies’ The Deptford trilogy
w1.1 Robertson Davies’ Fifth business
w1.2 Robertson Davies’ The manticore
w1.1 Robertson Davies’ World of wonders
w1 Roderick Random
w2 Humphry Clinker
w3 Smollett’s novels
w3.1 Roderick Random
w3.2 Humphry Clinker
Simplified
example of
Smollett’s novels
Manifestations
Expressions
Works
Modeling ‘Novels’ as a Work
Novels3
Random3.1
Random3.1.1
Clinker3.2
Novels3.1
Clinker3.2.1
Smollett’s Novels
?
?
Modeling ‘Novels’ as a Work
Novels3
Random3.1
Clinker
Clinker3.2
Clinker2
Random3.1.1
Clinker3.2.1
Novels3.1
Smollett’s Novels
Clinker1
Manifestations
Expressions
Works
‘Novels’ as a Manifestation
Random
Clinker
Clinker2
Random1
Clinker1
Smollett’s Novels
Aggregate
Bridge Over Troubled Water
1. Bridge over troubled water
2. El Condor pasa
3. Cecilia
4. Keep the customer satisfied
5. So long Frank Lloyd Wright
6. The boxer
7. Baby driver
8. The only living boy in New York
9. Why don't you write me
10.Bye, bye love
11.Song for the asking
Bridge Over Troubled Water
Bridge2
Bridge
Bridge3
Bridge4
Bridge1
Work
1
Work
Work
Work111
Recommendations
• Recognize the universality of
works
• Define works as the smallest
autonomous entry
• Exclude recursive relationships for
works
• Treat aggregates as
manifestations
The End
Questions,
Suggestions,
Comments,
Discussion
References
• IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic
Records. 1998. Functional requirements for bibliographic records: final
report. München: K. G. Saur. Also available online at
<http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.pdf and at
<http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.htm.
• Bennett, Rick, Brian F. Lavoie, and Edward T. O’Neill. 2003. “The
Concept of a Work in WorldCat: an Application of FRBR”. Library
Collections, Acquisitions, & Technical Services 27: 45-59.
• O’Neill, Edward T. 2002. “FRBR: Functional Requirements for
Bibliographic Records: Application of the Entity-Relationship Model to
Humphry Clinker”. Library Resources & Technical Services 46(4): 150159.
• Hickey, Thomas B. and Edward T. O’Neill. (Forthcoming) “FRBRizing
OCLC’s WorldCat”, Cataloging & Classification Quarterly.