Transcript s1p3
Practical
Solar Thermal Chilled Water
Bud Leavell Sales Engineer Yazaki Energy Systems Inc.
The Current State of Solar AC in the US
• As of January 2010, there are some 22 solar air conditioning systems installed in the US.
• Very few perform any useful function.
• Most are there for a showcase or as a “Proof of Concept”.
• The demand for Engineers to explore this field is currently growing exponentially.
What’s Wrong with the Existing Systems?
• MOST are
GROSSLY
underpowered!
– They were typically designed based on conditions which do NOT exist.
• Many are over-engineered.
• More are under-engineered.
• Critical controls and safeties are missing.
• Inadequate heat rejection.
• There was no clearly defined purpose for the system.
Where do we Go from Here?
• With this in mind, this Solar Chilled Water Modeling Template was developed.
• It is based on the specific technical characteristics of single-effect low temp hot water fired absorption chillers and their reaction to the energy sources and loads applied.
• All modeling is based on “REAL WORLD” conditions and empirical data.
Step 1. Explicitly define the expectation.
• Optimization by Design • Our goal is to achieve an electrical energy savings greater than the solar contribution.
Combined Cycle Side-Stream Piping
VFD 44 °F VFD Chilled Water Supply Bypass
Water Fired Chiller Using Solar Heat
52 °F Chilled Water 55 °F Chilled Water Return
Utilizing Solar Heat, this configuration provides additional capacity to the system, when the need is the greatest, and the energy source for it has no recurring cost.
Electric Cost Savings from Unloading
COP Input KW elec
4.88
105.1
5.91
21% Output kW cooling KW electric / Ton Cost per KW Cost per Ton Hour
513.2
0.720228
0.595
$0.1266
$0.0912
$0.0753
-$0.0159
Typical Chiller Power Curve
Part Load Performance For Chiller Type: Screw
0.800
0.700
0.600
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Percent of Full Load
70% 80% 90% 100%
Optimization by Design
• Goal -- Keep the existing chiller at or below 75% of full capacity during peak periods.
• Goal – Improve plant COP by as much as 40% during hours of sunlight.
Step 2. How much sun do we have?
• Download hourly solar insolation and meteorological data from the National Solar Radiation Database.
• This hourly data is available for the United States and its territories.
• Hourly data can be modeled from daily data.
• You will need to do some H.S. Trig to translate the NSRDB data into actuals on the collector.
• Daily integrated values when used to size an array for an Air Conditioning Application will in most cases result in a grossly underpowered chiller.
Step 3. What type of collector?
• This template recognizes two types of non-tracking collectors: – Flat Plate – Evacuated Tube • Let your location and application determine the type of collector you select.
• Each has advantages and disadvantages.
Step 4. Choose optimum collector azimuth.
• Available solar energy and the air conditioning load are only somewhat coincident.
How much solar energy is available at my location?
Insolation adjusted for Time of Day and Solar Angle of Incidence
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
What time of day represents the peak load on the building?
Average Temp in Fort Worth for 2006
100 95 90 85 80 75 70 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Central Standard Time
1600 1700 1800 1900 May June July August September
Compare Azimuth Options
Solar Heat Output in Watts, adjusted for Solar Angle of Incidence and 0 Degrees Azimuth
900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Compare Azimuth Options
Solar Heat Output in Watts, adjusted for Solar Angle of Incidence and 45 Degrees Azimuth
900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Step 4. Choose optimum collector azimuth.
• Available solar energy and the air conditioning load are only somewhat coincident.
• The best apparent time of day to size the array is for 3:00PM standard time.
• Typically, a flat panel collector will give your best 3:00PM performance with an azimuth of 45 ° West of South where an evac tube array is best at about 15 °.
Step 5. Size the collector array.
• Using the solar energy available at 3:00PM and the desired “rated” chiller output at that time, calculate the number of collectors required.
– You can choose any time of day for sizing that fits your application.
Step 6. Calculate a heat balance.
• The cooling tower is the single most critical link in any absorption chilled water system.
• Don’t forget Bud’s Thermal Law of Goesins and Goesouts.
– “For every goesin there must be a goesout”.
Step 7. Size the buffer tank.
• Notice I did NOT say STORAGE tank!
• Attempting to size a storage tank to operate the chiller once the sun has gone down will price the system out of the realm of “
PRACTICAL
”.
Step 8. Define your control strategy.
• When do I turn on the water pumps?
• How do I manage the temp of the cooling water?
• How do I control the flow of heat medium through the chiller?
• How and when do I use a back-up energy source.
• You will need a heat dump!
• Etc., etc.
Step 9. Evaluate modeled performance
• Did we meet our goal?
– Keep the electric chiller at or below 75% of full capacity during peak periods.
– Increase the plant COP by 40% with a solar contribution of 25%.
Evaluate modeled performance
Chiller Output in Refrigerant Tons
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Did we keep the electric chiller at or below 75% of full load?
Optimization Effect on Existing Chiller Load
Solar Application 1
Typical Screw August
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Standard Time
Unoptimized Chiller Load 1500 1600 Optimized Chiller Load 1700 1800
Does this design achieve a 40% improvement in plant efficiency?
Optimization Effect on Plant COP Typical Screw Solar Application 1
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
900 1000
August
1100 1200 1300 1400
Standard Time
1500 1600 1700 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% -20% 1800 COP of Unoptimized Plant COP of Optimized Plant "COP Improvement"
Step 10. Shade Avoidance
The Law of Sines
Conclusion
• Solar thermal chilled water can impact energy use beyond the solar contribution.
• Don’t under-power the system.
• Size the collectors coincident with the load.
• Do NOT attempt to STORE heat for use after the sun is gone.
• Always have a heat dump.
• For a practical system, combine sound engineering principles with a healthy dose of common sense.
• Don’t forget the heat balance!