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PERIODIZATION
What does
periodization mean?
What is its root word?
1
DEFINITION
OF PERIODIZATION
Periodization is a system
of organizing historical information
by dividing time into periods
using specific bases.
2
TIME
Time is an essential element in
the study of history.
Why?
3
APPLICATION
to Philippine History
How is the history of the
Philippines commonly
divided into periods?
BASES OF PERIODIZATION:
1. according to the beginning of writing
a. Prehistoric Period
b. Historic Period
4
2. according to geologic time
ERA
PERIOD
EPOCH
5
The Origin of Species 1859
ERA
Precambrian
8 b – 600 mya
Paleozoic
600 – 225 mya
PERIOD
EPOCH
Archeozoic
Proterozoic
Cambrian
Ordovician
Silurian
Devonian
Carboniferrous
Permian
Mesozoic
225 – 65 mya
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
6
ERA
PERIOD
Cenozoic
Tertiary
65 mya – 10,000 ya
EPOCH
Paleocene
Eocene
Oligocene
Miocene
Pliocene
Quartenary
Pleistocene
Holocene
5
MESOZOIC PERIOD
Continents and Plates
225-65 mya
220
200
135
120
mya
mya
mya
mya
– Pangaea & Panthalassa
– Gondwanaland & Laurasia
- Land masses began to divide.
– Divisions became the
different continents.
The scene of history is continuously moving land masses.
Notice in the left column the names of distinct land
masses that no longer exist.
The red dot represents the location of the Grand Canyon. 
India
550 Million Years Ago
220 Million Years Ago
130 Million Years Ago
65 Million Years Ago
Laurasia
Gondwanaland
190 Million Years Ago
Today
PHILIPPINE GEOLOGICAL HISTORY
(Readers Digest Encyclopedia)
135- 25 mya
Cretaceous - Paleocene
- appearance of the early forms of life in the
Philippines (marsupials, insectivores,
flesh-eating carnivorous marine organisms)
- fossils and rocks (Ilocos Norte, Quezon,
Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Cebu, Palawan,
Samar and Mindoro)
Land Formation in the
Philippines
 According to Jocano: It was
during the Tertiary period
(specifically during the Eocene
and Oligocene period) that the
basic land structure of the
Philippines was defined
25 -2 mya The Neogene
- mountain building process
(Balabac Island in the Palawan Archipelago,
Cagayan, and Central Luzon)
- geologic transformation of the country
Cenozoic Era
Late Tertiary Period
Eocene, Oligocene & Miocene Epochs (33 – 5 mya)
During this period, about half of the lands
of the Philippines was submerged
and sedimentation brought about
Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, Agusan and
Davao Valley.
3. According to Tool Technology
a. Paleolithic (Old Stone Age)
b. Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) –
c. Neolithic ( New Stone Age)
d. Age of Pottery
e. Metal Age
7
(Europocentric term)
PHILIPPINE CULTURAL BREAKTHROUGH
250,000 before the present - 200 A.D.
“ Man responded to the challenges of mother
nature; the teeming life forms constantly
challenged his curiosity and creativity and the
awe-inspiring mysteries of the archipelago that
surrounded him marked the development of his
cultural world.”
Samuel Tan
CULTURE
 Root word: Colere (to cultivate)
 Patterns of human acts & symbolic structures
that give such activities significance and
importance
 Manifested in music, literature, lifestyle, food,
painting, sculpture, theatre and film
CULTURE
Culture is anything
that man learns or acquires
by experience
as he goes through
the process of development.
Philippine : Paleolithic Age
30,500 Before the Present (BP)
Lifestyle: Primitive communalism
Means of Acquiring Food:
* Hunting
* Gathering
Tabon Caves in Palawan
 [named after the Tabon bird, which laid eggs in the caves]
 * Tabon Man = earliest appearance of man in the Philippines

(22-23 thousand years old)
 * Discovered by a National Museum team headed by the late

Dr. Robert B. Fox (American anthropologist)
 * evidence = human fossils of perhaps 3 individuals
+ skull cap of a young female (?)
+ 2 fragments of jaw bones
+ some teeth
Tabon Man’s skull
(on display at the Palawan Museum, Puerto Princesa)
Tabon Caves
Deepest soil deposit = 50,000 years old
Youngest soil deposit = 10,000 years old
This shows that the caves were used
continuously for 40,000 years by peoples
who used the same kind of tools.
.
Tabon Cave tools
 The way the tools were made was exactly the
same as those found in the Cagayan Valley, at
least 700,000 years earlier.
 But one difference was that the tools in the
Tabon Cave were smaller, perhaps because
their prey were bats and birds found in the
cave.

National Commission for Culture and the Arts
Tabon Man’s use of fire
 Earliest evidence for the use of fire
in the Philippines = 30,000 years B.C.
 (from carbon sample, based on carbon-14 date)
Philippines: Neolithic Age
6000- 500 BP
New Means of Acquiring Food:
* Planting/Agriculture (Food Production)
* Domestication of Animals
The above were economic breakthroughs which
eventually led to
Social Stratification
Philippines: Pottery Age
1500 BP
 Manunggul Caves in Palawan
 Manunggul jars
 Pottery rituals
 (Arku Cave and Lana site from
Otley Beyer)
 Manunggul jar found in the a Manunggul Cave of Palawan.
Arku Cave in Cagayan Valley
Arku Cave of Peñablanca in Cagayan Valley, is a prehistoric cave located at
the foothills of Sierra Madre. Found in the site were human fossils together
with pottery, spindle whorls, jade earrings, bark cloth beater, bone tools and
others which dated from 2200 B.C.E. to 50 B.C.E. A widespread practice
showing a belief in afterlife, the early Filipinos put valuable things in the
burial so that their deceased relatives could utilize the tools in their next
existence.
Philippines:
Metal Age
800-250 BP
Isabela - Chisels and adze
Ifugao –Trapezoidal adze
Bataan & Pampanga – Basconian adze

Maitum Anthropomorphic Potteries The anthropomorphic secondary burial jars from
Pinol, Maitum, Saranggani Province in Mindanao date back to the Metal Age. The site
had been dated to 830 +/-60 B.P. (calibrated date of A.D. 70 to 370) and 1920 +/- 50
B.P. (cal. date of 5 B.C. to A.D. 225). The radiocarbon dates were obtained from the
soot samples taken from the small earthenware vessel found inside one of the
anthropomorphic burial jar. These burial jars are made of earthenware designed and
formed like human figures with complete facial characteristics. These were
associated with metal implements; glass beads and bracelets; shell spoon, scoop,
bracelets and pendants; earthenware potteries with incised designs and cut-out footrings; non-anthropomorphic burial jars.

Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human characteristics to animal or nonliving things, phenomena, etc.
4. According
to the Christian Calendar
* BC - Before Christ
* AD – Anno Domini
(In the year of our Lord)
BCE: Before Common Era
CE : Common Era
 B.C.E is an abbreviation for 'Before Common Era‘
It is a non-religious alternative to the use of
B.C. (Before Christ) in designating the first period of the
Gregorian Calendar, the era of prehistory and much of
antiquity.
 C.E. - a replacement for A.D. (Anno Domini, The Year Of
Our Lord )
This replaces B.C., Before Christ.
5. According to the rise and fall of civilizations
a.
b.
c.
d.
Ancient
Medieval
Modern Age
Post Modern
Summary: Geologic Time
Precambrian
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
Duration
2.5 bya -600mya
600 mya –
225 mya
225 mya –
65 mya
65 mya – 10,000
ya
Divisions
Archeozoic
Proterozoic
Cambrian
Ordovician
Silurian
Devonian
Carboniferous
Permian
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
Tertiary
Paleocene
Eocene
Oligocene
Miocene
Pliocene
Quarternary
Pleistocene
Holocene
Land Forms
Fragmented
land masses
Pangaea
Panthalassa
Laurasia
7 continents
North America
Eurasia
Gondwanaland
South America
Africa
India
Life Forms
Philippines
Single celled
Invertebrates,
Vertebrates
Fishes, plants,
amphibians
Reptiles
Dinosaurs
Humans
Formation of the
Philippines
500, 000 Cagayan
22,000 Tabon
7,000 Austronesians
Summary: Tool Technology
Cenozoic
Tertiary
Quarternary
Biological
Evaluation
Paleocene
Eocene
Oligocene
Miocene
Pliocene
Primates
Pleistocene
Holocene
Australopithecus
Cultural Evaluation
(Tools)
Dryopithecus
Oreopithecus
Ramapethicus
Homo habilis
Homo erectus
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens sapiens
(Tabon man)
Paleolithic
Mesolithic
(Europocentric term)
Neolithic
(agricultural)
Concepts
* Decade - a period of 10 years ( e.g., 2001-2010)
* Century - a period of 100 years (2001-2100)
e.g. - According to the Gregorian Calendar:
1st century = January 1, 1 - December 31, 100 AD
2nd century = 101 – 200 AD
3rd century = 201 – 300 AD
* Millennium
- a period of 1000 years (2001-3000)
Ancient Philippines:
Society: Nation
Building
(Jared Diamond)
Family
250,000 10,000 BC
Band
250,00010,000 BC
Tribe
10,000 – 500
BC
Chiefdom
500 BC900
AD/1400
State /
Nation
4-6
12
100
1,000
50,000
nomadic
nomadic
fixed
Fixed
Few villages
Fixed
Many villages
Politics &
Government
1. Decision
Making
2. Leader
Egalitarian
Egalitarian
Egalitarian
Centralized
President
Father
big man
big man
Centralized
Hereditary
chieftain
3. Laws
Informal
Informal
Customary
4. Judicial
Process
System of
rewards &
punishments
SRP
SRP
No. of People
Settlement
Oral/written Constitution
Public Trials Judiciary
Ex. Bultong /
Adlaw
Ancient Philippines:(Jared Diamond and Samuel K Tan)
Society:
Nation
Building
Family
250,000 10,000 BC
Band
250,00010,000 BC
Tribe
10,000 – 500
BC
Chiefdom
500 BC- 900
AD/1400
State
Economy
Collecting
Economy
Collecting
Economy
Communal
Economy
Communal individual
Market
economy
No
No
No-Yes
Yes
Yes
1. Food
Production
Hunting
Food gathering
2.Division
of Labor
Informal
Intensive
Extensive
Informal
Informal
More
Structured
Well defined
(Palanne Article:
Tanjay
Excavations)
3.Exchanges
4 Land Holding
Reciprocal
No
Reciprocal
No
Reciprocal
No
Redistributive Redistributive
No-Yes
Yes
Family
Band
Tribe
Chiefdom
State
Ancient Philippines
:(Jared Diamond)
Hunting &
Hunting &
Farming
Economy
5.Economic Hunting &
Activities
food
gathering
food
gathering
Land
Fishing
cultivation
Trading
&
Weaving
domestication
of animals
Tasadays of
Cotabato
SocioCultural
1. Social
Classes
Ethnic
Formulation
No
No
No
Manunggul jars
2. Religion
3. Burial
Practices
Lallo in Cagayan
Sulu & Dimolit
Isabela jars
Yes
Noble
Free Man
Slave
Belief in
soul
Life after
death
Use of
coffins
Well defined
Catholics
Protestants
Muslims
Ancient Philippines:(Jared Diamond & Samuel Tan)
Socio Cultural
Family
Band
Tribe
4. Early
Clothing
Chiefdom
State
Male
Upper:
Kangan
Lower :
Bahag
Female
Upper: Baro
Lower: Saya
Other
cultural
influences
Use of
ornaments
5. Housing
6. System of
writing
7. Music and
Arts
No
No
Yes
Yes
Batalanes
Bahanding
Contacts with Other Asians
* Indians
800 BC, 2nd-5th c. AD
examples:
1. Prof. Otley Beyer presents archeological evidences
from Novaliches to support this
2. Dr. Jocano mentions the Gold Image of Agusan : Gem
Room of Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago
(See p.140, Jocano)
* Arabs 9th- 15th c AD
* Chinese 7th c AD, 10th- 15th c. AD