AN OVERVIEW OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY By Prof Dr KALAVATHY PONNIRAIVAN B.Sc M.D

PROF & HEAD DEPT OF BIOCHEMISTRY CHENNAI MEDICAL COLLEGE HOSPITAL & RESEARCH CENTER IRUNGALUR, TRICHY, TAMIL NADU

ABOUT YOUR SPEAKER  Prof Kalavathy Ponniraivan  FORMER DEAN- MADRAS MEDICAL COLLEGE AND GOVERNMENT GENERAL HOSPITAL CHENNAI

TEACHING EXPERIENCE  UG Level: 31 yrs.

 PG Level: 27 yrs.

AREA OF INTEREST  Molecular Biology  Cancer Biology CURRENT AREA OF INTEREST:  Nanobiotechnology  Integrated & Holistic Medicine  Medical Education & Human Ethics

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT APJ ABDUL KALAM – HONOURABLE FORMER PRESIDENT OF INDIA

DEDICATION PROF Dr G SULOCHONA M.D

- FORMER PROF OF BIOCHEMISTRY THANJAVUR MEDICAL COLLEGE, THANJAVUR, TAMIL NADU - ALSO DEDICATED TO PAST AND PRESENT STUDENTS

LECTURE PLAN  Evolution of Human life  History of Modern Science & Technology  Certain Terms and Scale used in Nanotechnology  Definitions of Bionanotechnology- & Misconceptions about it  About Men- who tried to define ‘Matter, Space & Time Relationship’

LECTURE PLAN…CONTD  Nanomaterials, Nanocomposites and Biomimetics  Nanotoxicology  Future Technology  Contemporary advancement  Relevance of Nanobiotechnology in Medical Education

• HUMAN EVOLUTION Earth 4.5 Billion years old The only planet that supports life • Evolution of life: Big Bang theory. Elements like C N H O Reacted to form H 2 0, N 2 NH 3 O 2 CO 2 etc) Amino acid Simple sugars Bases Catalyst: Minerals on the earth crest (Fe, Co,Mn, Ni tin Energy: Lightning/Sunlight

POLYMERIZATION: SIMPLE TO COMPLEX MOLECULES • • Sugars Proteins • • Nucleic acids Fatty acids Pre Biotic world: RNA world Present world: Evolution of membrane, Unicellular, Multicellular, Simple to complex organism including man Life started in water (proof – ECW composition) Plants & Animals: 20% Microbes: 80%

POLYMERIZATION: SIMPLE TO COMPLEX MOLECULES • Direction of evolution – Not known - Diversity sustains - Similar forms Perish - Expansion – Explode?

- Contract – Shrink?

Sucked into dark Energy?

BIG BANG 2  LHC – LARGE HADRON COLLIDER 2 Proton beams were allowed to collide with great speed at an underground facility built across 3 countries.

 OBJECTIVE: To recreate the condition equivalent to the TIME at the birth of Universe.

HAWKINGS

 A renowned theoretical physicist, who predicted that ‘Black Hole’ emits radiation.

ATOM, SUBATOMIC PARTICLES & INTERACTIONS  Smallest unit of Matter that could not be divided further- Fundamental particle  Nucleus: Central part of atom  Proton (+)  Neutron (0)  Electron (-)  Quark- basic building block of matter Up Quark Join to form proton and neutron Down Quark

 Gluon: The carrier particle of the strong interaction  Strong Interaction: That binds quark and gluon to make HADRON  HADRON: sub atomic particle composed of quarks and take part in strong interactions (gluon)

 Neutrino: A fundamental particle with neutral charge and zero mass produced in massive numbers during nuclear reactions in stars- Dark Matter?

 Photon (Light): ‘Matter’ in Light Electromagnetic particles existing as packets of energy Types: Visible, X ray, γ ray Low energy forms: UV, IR and Radiowaves

HISTORY OF MODERN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY  10000 BC – 5000 BC= STONE AGE  0 – 1000 AD= BRONZE AGE  1500- 1800 AD= IRON AGE  1900- 2000= CHEMICALS, PLASTICS, MATERIALS, NUCLEAR & BIOTECHNOLOGY AGE  2000- 2020= INFORMATION & NANOTECHNOLOGY AGE

BIO TECHNOLOGY & MOLECULAR NANOTECHNOLOGY  The contemporary Nanotechnology branches of

WHAT IS NANO?

• • • ORIGIN is from GREEK Nano, Little old man, Dwarf Extremely small, one billionth of scale 1 Nanometer = 10 -9 meter 10nm Transistor Bacterophage Lambda DNA 10nm Gold Nano particle in drug delivery

NANOSCALE  Nanosecond- 1 /1000 th second of 1 millionth of a  Second: 9192631770 times (periods) of the radiation corresponding to the transition between 2 hyperfine levels of the ground state of cesium atom  Glucose: 1nm  Human Hair: 75000nm  10 Hydrogen atoms lined end to end- 1nm

 1 Yocometer 10 -24  1 Picometer 10 -12  1 Nanometer 10 -9  1 Micrometer 10 -6  1 Millimeter 10 -3  1 Meter 10 3 = 1000mm

WHY TO STUDY NANO PARTICLES / MATERIALS • • • • • • • • Unique properties for exceptional applications (Agriculture, Industries, Engineering, Medicine) Develop better manufacturing and characterization technique Renewable energy source • Environmental remediation (Water & Air) BIONANOTECHNOLOGY : Enabling Technology Emerging Technology Evolving Technology Converging Technology Truly Interdisciplinary

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN NATURE • Nano Technology is not something new but a tool of nature from time immemorial – The sea shells, pigments on the wings of butterfly, wonderful shades of fresh roses and other flowers are manifestations of Nano Technology in nature

WHY TO STUDY NANO PARTICLES / MATERIALS (CONTD..) • Man – ultimate machine with incomprehensible Nano molecules, structures operating in a highly ordered fashion – – – – – – – Food digestion Signal transduction Embryogenesis Ion transport across membrane Nerve conduction Muscle contraction DNA & RNA (Transcription, Translation & Gene Expression)

DEFINITION  Science and Engineering involved in the design, i.e., 10 -9 synthesis, characterization and application of materials and devices whose smallest functional unit is in the nanoscale  Nano Technology is not emerging scientific principle but meeting technology of traditional in itself a single rather a sciences with  Multidisciplinary field

CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENTISTS

 SIR ALBERT EINSTEIN  1879 – 1956  “MATTER AND ENERGY ARE DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE SAME THING”  THEORY OF RELATIVITY E=mc 2

S N BOSE

 “LIGHT IS A GAS OF MASSLESS PARTICLES THAT COME IN SMALL DISCRETE PACKAGES” - (PHOTON)

SIR RICHARD FEYNMANN

 1948- 1988  “THERE’S PLENTY OF ROOM AT THE BOTTOM”

ERIC DREXLER

 “MOLECULAR NANOTECHNOLOGY” - Engulfs engineering of all complex mechanical devices constructed from molecular level.

NANO MATERIALS, NANO COMPOSITES & BIOMIMETICS  Nanotubes: CARBON NANOTUBES (CNT)  C 60 Discovered by scientists while studying particles emitted by distant stars Lighter and the strongest element on earth SWCNT and MWCNT

NANOPARTICLES • 3 Major Groups – Natural Nanoparticles Volcanic Ash Magnetotactic bacteria Mineral composites – Industrial Nanoparticles – Engineered Nanoparticle Manufactured by man- synthesis, processing of Dots, Nanomaterial (C Nano tubes. Quantum Zerovalent Iron etc.,)

GOLD NANO PARTICLE

 Gold at the Nano level exhibited an exciting variety of altered physical, electrical, chemical & optical properties  Revolutionized the pharmaceutical industry  Drug development, discovery, delivery  Cancer detection, treatment monitoring

 Quantum Dots: Semiconductor nanocrystals Zero dimensional Electron confined in all dimensions  Quantum Well: 2D  Quantum Wire: 1D  Elements used: (CdSe)ZnS  APPLICATIONS: Uses Diode lasers, amplifiers, Biosensors, study of cell signaling, cellular imaging, LCD, LED TV Panels

ZERO VALENT IRON (Fe 0 ) 4fe +++ + 3bH 4 - + 9H 20 +3h 2 Bo 3 +12H+6H 2 Use of Fe 0 to reduce c 2 cl 4 4fe 0 (Tetrachloroethene) c 2 cl 4 +4Fe 0 c 2 H 4 (Ethene)+ 4 Fe ++ +4cl  Rapid Dechlorination is achieved  Simple effective method  Used for soil and water purification

APPROACH TO NANOTECHNOLGY • • TOP DOWN Or BOTTOM UP METHODS • TOP DOWN Techniques • Macroscopic materials into which small scale details are incorporated (Chemistry/Engineering)

• Bottom Up – Designing & Synthesising custom made materials – – – Self assembly of such micro / nano materials to macrolevel e.g., Biomineralisation Growth of artificial bone Biomimetics (Hydroxy apatite porous cylinders for ortho implants) on titanium structures, such as foils, meshes, Stem Cell research RBC like material to carry oxygen pressure vessel – an on board remotely programmable

TOOLS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY • Two tools for measurement at nano scale – STM (Scanning Tunneling Microscope) – AFM (Atomic Force Microscope)

BIONANOTECHNOLOGY DEVICE- DNA MICRO ARRAY ON COMPUTER CHIPS

APPLICATIONS IN MEDICAL FIELD INDIRECT:  Food, Nutrition  Cosmetics, Textiles  Renewable energy source  Environmental remediation  Information and Communication Technology  Space & Oceanic research

FOOD & NUTRITION

 Nanotech Tools used cultivation production processing packing & delivery  Not GM Modified or Atomic Modified food

 To produce Heat and Drought resistant crops  Interactive food- Nano Food

NANOTOXICOLOGY • Nano particles (Airborne) - nuisance dust may evade macrophages and may cause damage to cells (Cardiopulmonary morbidity / mortality) • May evade blood brain barrier – neuro toxicology • • • • Easily absorbed through (cosmetics / sun screen lotion) - Cause mutation) BIOTERRORISM- Life may be wiped out LOSS OF HUMAN CONTROL COMPUTER SECURITY DEVICES DEACTIVATED

FUTURE PROSPECTS  Cancer - Detection, Targeting & Metastasis prevention  Clean Environment  Renewable energy source.

 Artificial O 2 carrier – Respirocytes  Nano technology driven cell  Nano food

CONTEMPORARY ADVANCEMENT  Non-optic Lithograpgy  Supra Computers  Space Research & Cosmology  Bioinformatics & Computational Biology

RELEVANCE OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICAL EDUCATION  Preclinical- Biochemistry  Paraclinical- Microbiology & Pharmacology  Clinical- Application aspects in respective fields (Ophthalmology, Radiology & Imaging Services, Dental Sciences, Orthopedics, Clinical Embryology, Medical Genetics & Regenerative Medicine)

BENEFITS TO MANKIND • Early detection of viruses by nano sensors (Used in bio-logical wars - Detection of anthrax) • Break through in cancer cell targeting, monitoring & therapy • Control of AIDS • Targeted drug delivery • Clean environment • Cheap & renewable energy source • Peace and prosperity on earth

Thank you!

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