Common Paediatric Respiratory conditions
Download
Report
Transcript Common Paediatric Respiratory conditions
Common Paediatric
Respiratory conditions
Corrine Balit
Outline
Respiratory Distress : Signs and Treatment
Respiratory Supports
High Flow Nasal prong
CPAP/ BIPAP
Ventilation
Bronchiolitis
Pertussis
Asthma
Case 1: 6 week old E.L.
6 week old infant presents with severe respiratory
distress
Taken to resuscitation bay on arrival
Call from ED doctor asking for help
Resp
RR 90
Tracheal tug
Intercostal and subcostal recession
Grunting
Head bobbing, nasal flaring
CVS
HR 200
Cap refill 3 seconds
Mottled
Neuro
Agitated,
Unsettled,
Respiratory Distress/ Failure
One of most common reason ICU will need to review a
patient
Hard to determine which patients will need to come to
ICU
Clinical assessment and reassessment is most important
May need to start some basic measures and then
reassess again.
Increased work of
breathing
Malformations of
chest wall
Evidence of
hypoxemia/hyperca
rbia
Tachypnea
Large A diameter
(barrel chest)
Agitation
Nasal Flaring
Narrow AP diameter
Confusion
Chest wall
retractions
Somnolence
Paradoxical
breathing
Cyanosis
Agitation
Grunting
Accessory muscle
use
Investigations
Venous Blood Gas
Carbon dioxide and pH
Lactate
Oximetry
Chest x-ray
Other investigations to support underlying cause.
Who needs to come to ICU
Clear cut ones that do and don’t
In-between that is the hardest.
Indications
Mod- Severe respiratory distress despite basic treatment
Recurrent apnoeas
Respiratory acidosis (pH < 7.2)
Increasing oxygen requirements
Change in mental state
Needing airway protection
Treatment of Respiratory Failure
Administration of supplemental oxygen + consider
humidification
Evaluation of airway patency
Clear secretions / Airway toileting to maintain airway
patency
Appropriate adjuncts
Salbutamol +/- ipratropium
Steroids if indicated
Respiratory Distress
RR < 60
Mild-Mod Work of breathing
Oxygen requirement < 2L
Not irritable/agitated
RR >60
Mod-severe work of breathing
Increasing oxygen requirement
Irritable/agitated
Basic Measures
Nil by mouth
Cannula + IVF
Humidified oxygen total flow of 2-3L
Adjuncts appropriate to condition e.g.
salbutamol, steroids
Mod-Severe Respiratory Distress
IV Cannula
Oxygen + humidification
Salbutamol, ipratropium,
steroids
Indications for ICU
- Ongoing mod-severe respiratory
distress despite above
- Apnoeas
- Respiratory Acidosis
- Fatigue
Treatment of Respiratory Distress
Specific treatment for conditions
Non-invasive support
High Flow nasal prong oxygen
CPAP
BIPAP
Mechanical ventilation
IPPV
HFOV
ECMO
Treatment of Respiratory Distress
Fluid Management
Generally restricted if receiving ventilatory support
Two- thirds maintenance
Normal saline or Hartmann's as fluid for severe resp
distress
Watch EUC
Feeds
Feed once stable and improving
Can feed while receiving NIV support
High Flow Nasal Prong oxygen
Delivered via nasal prong and using Fisher and Paykel
System
Rational is two fold:
High flows provide positive distending pressure to the
airway improving functional residual capacity
Use of humidification
Humidification improves mucocillary clearance
Advantages:
Tolerated better by children
Avoid some of CPAP complication like nasal mucosal injury
High Flow Nasal Prong oxygen
Flow rates currently recommended up to 8L/Min
Prospective study in Brisbane where the used flow rates
between 1 and 8 L/min were used and they used
electrical impedance tomography and oesophageal
pressures measured.
Found that using 8L/min flow rate delivered on average
a CPAP effect of 4 cm H20 in infants with viral
bronchiolitis
Definition of High flow nasal prong cannula
1L/kg/min
Current cannula for paediatrics up to 8L flow.
High Flow- Indications
Respiratory distress with hypoxemia
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia
Post extubation respiratory support
Facilitation of weaning from CPAP
Post operative respiratory failure
High Flow- Contraindications
Nasal obstruction
Choanal atresia
Large polyps
Foreign body aspiration
Children requiring airway protection
Severe life threatening hypoxia (not a replacement for
intubation
Non-Invasive Ventilation
CPAP versus bi-level NIV
Difficulties is with appropriate size mask
Bubble CPAP good for infants (<10kg)
PEEP 5-10cm
Contraindications
If airway protection is needed
Decreased level of consciousness
Nasal obstruction
Invasive Ventilation
Conventional Ventilation
High Frequency Ventilation
If intubating patient for severe respiratory distress
suggest always using cuffed tube.
Cuff doesn’t need to go up but there if you need it
Bronchiolitis
Bronchiolitis- aeitology
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Para influenza virus
Adenovirus
Influenza virus
Rhinoviruses
Human metapneumovirus
Bronchiolitis- Pathology
Loss of epithelial cells
Cellular infiltration
Oedema around airway
Plugging of airway with mucus
Can get complete and partial plugging of airways
resulting in localised atelectasis and over distention in
other areas.
Imbalance of ventilation and perfusion leads to
hypoxemia.
Bronchiolitis – Clinical Features
Coryzal symptoms
Wheezing
Pneumonia
Aponea
Hyponatremia
Seizures
Encephalopathy
Myocarditis
Investigations
NPA
Blood Gas
CXR
Septic workup if severe or very young
FBC, EUC
Bronchiolitis- Indications for ICU
admission
Recurrent Apnoea
Slow irregular breathing
Decreased level of consciousness
Shock
Exhaustion
Hypoxia
Respiratory acidosis
Bronchiolitis- Management
Supportive Care
Oxygen
Suction
Fluids / Feeding
Always Nil by mouth if moderate- severe
IV fluids : 2/3 maintenance if moderate- Severe
NG Tube
Decompression of stomach
Feeds once more stable
Infection Control
Bronchiolitis – Specific Treatments
Bronchodilators
Surfactant
Corticosteroids
Ribavirin
RSV Immunoglobulin
Palivizumab
Antibiotics
Bronchiolitis – Specific Treatments
Bronchodilators
B- agonists
Meta analysis: modest short term improvement in clinical
scores, without changes in oxygen saturation, rate of
hospitilisation or length of hospital stay
Adrenaline
RCT comparing adrenaline nebulised with placebo
No difference in length of hospital stay and no short term
or long term clinical improvement
Bronchiolitis – Specific Treatments
Corticosteroids
Controversial, conflicting studies
Cochrane review: no benefits in either length of stay or
clinical course in infants
Surfactant
Promising as RSV affects endogenous surfactant production
given to mechanically ventilated infants with RSV –
shortened time on mechanical ventilation,
Individual case reports and series.
Limited evidence, very expensive
Bronchiolitis – Specific Treatments
Ribavirin
Antiviral
Inhibits RSV replication
Evidence supports aerolised use, IV can be given
Early trials showed it to be effective
No convincing benefit on clinical outcomes expect to
patients post BMT with RSV
Bronchiolitis – Specific Treatments
RSV- IG IV
No improvement on clinical outcome
Palivizumab
Monoclonal antibody
For prophylaxis for high risk infants
Expensive
50% decrease in need for hospitlisation in high risk infants
Bronchiolitis – Specific Treatments
Ipratropium bromide
Not been demonstrated to be efficacious
Heliox
Helium-oxygen gas
Prospective study looking at 70% helium, 30% oxygen
mixture- improved tachypnoea and tachycardia and shorter
stay in PICU
Nitric oxide
Case reports only
Bronchiolitis: Antibiotics
Used for secondary bacterial infection
Traditionally risk of secondary infection with RSV
thought to be low but theses studies based on children
not admitted to PICU.
Recent studies: PCCM 2010
Secondary pneumonia in patients in PICU with RSV reported
to be as high as 20-50%
If child is unwell enough to be admitted to PICU with
bronchiolitis, cultures should be taken and antibiotics
started
Levin et al PCCM 2010
Prospective study looking at patients admitted with RSV
bronchiolitis with progressive respiratory failure
Excluded patients who had pre-existing conditions
Found 39% had probable pneumonia by tracheal aspirate
Concluded that due to high rate of possible secondary
bacterial pneumonia, empirical antibiotics for 24-48 hrs
pending cultures may be justified in those sick enough
to come to PICU
Bronchiolitis- Ventilation
High Flow Nasal Prongs
CPAP
Mechanical Ventilation
IPPV
HFOV
ECMO
My Approach – to moderate-severe
bronchiolitis
Suction and clear airway esp nasal passages
Application of oxygen with humidification if possible
Nil by mouth
IV cannula + 2/3 maintaince IVF
Obtain venous blood gas (BC + FBC/EUC at time of IVC)
Decide on level of respiratory support
High flow Nasal prong Cannula to 8L/min (not available in
ED)
Bubble CPAP
OG or NG if on respiratory support
Constant reassessment, looking for
Decreasing respiratory rate
Decrease in work of breathing
Heart rate improving
If not responding to above to be intubated and
ventilated
If sick enough with bronchiolitis to need ventilatory
support I do blood culture and sputum culture and cover
with antibiotics.
Need to monitor Sodium
Pertussis
Pertussis - Pathology
Bordetella Pertussis
Toxin damages respiratory epithelium and can produce
systemic toxicity
Severe, Prolonged Coughing
Aponea in young infants
Whoop- loud stridor on inspiration after a paroxysm
Pertussis- Severe Complications
Pneumonia
Pulmonary Hypertension
Encephalopathy
Seizures
Global Myocardial dysfunction
Pertussis
Mortality highest in
Very young infants
WCC > 100 000
Presenting with pneumonia
Need for circulatory support
Indications for ICU
Apnoeas
Seizure
Severe respiratory failure
Pertussis - Investigations
PCR on NPA
CXR
WCC
ECHO if severe
Pertussis- Management
Suction
Oxygen
Respiratory support
High flow nasal o2
CPAP
Ventilation
Antimicrobials
Azithromycin
Pertussis- Other Management
If leukocytosis (esp neutrophilia)
Exchange transfusions or aphaeresis to remove white cells
With high white cell count can get leukocyte aggregates in
pulmonary vessels
If Pulmonary Hypertension present
Consider inhaled nitric oxide or sildenafil
If Severe respiratory failure
ECMO
Treat contacts
PCCM 2007
Retrospective study from RCH Melbourne
Median age at admission was 6 weeks
94% of patients were unimmunised at time of admission
Infants presenting with pneumonia had raised white cell
count
38% needing intubation died
All patients who needed ECMO died
Asthma
Asthma – Management
Oxygen
B-adrenergic agonists
Corticosteroids
Anticholinergic
Magnesium Sulphate
Theophylline/ Aminophylline
Inhalational anaesthetics
Asthma- Management
Helium-Oxygen
Non-invasive ventilation
Ventilation
Ketamine
Adrenaline
B-adrenergic agonists
Salbutamol first line bronchodilator of choice
MDI with spacer as effective as nebulisation
When giving nebulisation, continuous nebulization is
superior to intermittent doses (Cochrane Review 2009)
Provides sustained stimulation of B-receptors
Promotes progressive bronchodilatation
Improves drug delivery in distal airway
IV salbutamol
Considered in patients unresponsive to treatment with
continuous nebulisation.
RCT in children 2002:
IV salbutamol as a bolus , atrovent or IV salbutamol
+atrovent
In severe asthma, IV salbutamol as a bolus lead to more
rapid recovery
Ipratropium bromide
Leads to bronchodilatation by decreasing
parasympathetic-mediated cholinergic bronchomotor
tone
Cochrane review 2009:
Adding multiple doses of anticholinergic to B2 agonists
appears safe and improves lung function
Would avoid hospital admission in 1 of 12 such patients
No studies in critically ill children admitted to PICU
Because safe, considered reasonable to use
Magnesium Sulphate
Acts as calcium antagonist leading to smooth muscle
relaxation
5 x RCT looking at IV magnesium in children
4 of these studies showed improvement in respiratory
function and decrease in hospital admissions
1 study showed no significant difference between
magnesium and placebo group
2 x meta analysis that showed adding magnesium
provided additional benefit to children
Methylxanthines
Theophylline and Aminophylline
Role is in severe asthma who have failed other
treatment
Meta analysis of RCT in paeds found no benefit in mild
or moderate asthma
RCT in 163 children with status asthmaticus
Aminophylline improved oxygen sats and pulmonary
function
No difference in length of stay