What does a writer use to develop & Explain the topic?

 In order to thoroughly develop and explain the topic, a writer must use EVIDENCE.

 Evidence used in expository writing comes in several forms.

 We will focus on: – Logical Evidence – Empirical Evidence – – Anecdotal Evidence Testimonial Evidence

What is logical evidence?

 Logical evidence, simply put, refers to

FACTS

.

 When a writer uses facts to develop an expository essay and to support their thesis statement, the writer is using LOGICAL EVIDENCE.

 

Logical evidence is convincing

for the reader/audience because a fact is something that can be

verified

,

something real or actual

.

Example: “In 2008, 7.3 million people died of heart disease.”

What is empirical evidence?

    Empirical evidence is evidence that can be

experienced

or

observed

.

Scientific research

is considered empirical evidence. Example: “The sun will rise tomorrow.” (We know this to be true because we have seen the sun rise every day.) Example: reading the temperature on a thermometer (It will say the same thing no matter who is looking at it.)

What is anecdotal evidence?

    Anecdotal evidence consists of an anecdote or a

descriptive story about an event or experience

. Another name for this type of evidence is a

testimonial

.

We

are all familiar with this kind of evidence and commonly

use it in everyday decision making

. For example, when choosing a babysitter or dentist, we would often ask for the experiences of friends and family.

Anecdotal evidence falls short of

what is necessary for a reasonable standard of

proof

. Example: “During last week’s lockdown, I heard a student was arrested for smoking in the bathroom.”

Testimonial evidence

   

Testimonial evidence

is given by an

expert or authority

in a particular field (a doctor, lawyer, police officer, etc.) Differs from anecdotal evidence in that the evidence is almost always considered to be

credible

.

Example: “Doctors say that eating candy is bad for your health.” Example: “Police say that the robbers were armed and wearing masks.”

Figurative Language, Rhetorical Devices, & Syntax

Appositive

 An appositive is a noun or pronoun — often with modifiers — set beside another noun or pronoun to explain or identify it. Here are some examples of appositives (the

noun or pronoun will be in blue

, the

appositive will be in red

).

-Your

friend Bill

is in trouble.

-My brother's

car

,

a sporty red convertible with bucket seats

, is the envy of my friends.

-

The first state to ratify the U. S. Constitution

,

Delaware

rich in history.

is

Anaphora

 a rhetorical term for the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or verses.

– “

It was

the best of times,

it was

the worst of times,

it was

the age of wisdom,

it was

the age of foolishness,

it was

the epoch of belief,

it was

the epoch of incredulity,

it was

the season of Light,

it was

the season of Darkness,

it was

the spring of hope,

it was

the winter of despair.”

Allusion

 an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.

“We are also Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.” “I am no Prince Hamlet.”

Figurative Language

 Metaphor: a figure of speech which compares two things without using “like” or “as” – Our house is our nest – My love is a deep ocean  Simile: a figure of speech which compares two things using “like” or “as” – Our house is LIKE a nest – My love is AS deep as an ocean

Figurative Language

  Extended Metaphor: a metaphor that draws the comparison out and compares the two things at length and in many ways – Our home is our nest, we fly away only to return to its snug protection. Personification: figure of speech in which an object, animal or idea is given human characteristics – – Our house wraps our family in its warm embrace.

The dog laughed and the bears sang.

Onomatopoeia

 the creation of words that imitate natural sounds – Buzz, murmur, hiss, bang, boom

Rhetorical Fragment

 A rhetorical fragment is an incomplete sentence. It is used to evoke some emotional response from the readers.

– "See, a marriage needs love.

And God

.

And a little money

. That's all. The rest you can deal with.” – He knew it was not enough.

Not enough.

Metonymy Synecdoche

 A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated.

  -

England

decides to keep check on immigration. -

The suits

were at meeting.

-

Pen

is mightier than

sword

. -Let me give you a

hand

. a figure of speech in which a term for a part of something refers to the whole of something, or vice versa.

Any example of synecdoche is also an example of metonymy, but only some examples of metonymy are synecdoche.

– Part to represent whole: – Whole to represent part: At the Olympics, you will hear that the United States won a gold medal in an event. That actually means a

team

from the United States, not the country as a whole.

Asyndeton v. Polysyndeton

Asyndeton Polysyndeton

   the omission of conjunctions “He has provided the poor with jobs, with opportunity, with self respect.” “I came, I saw, I conquered.”    a list or series of words, phrases, or clauses that is connected with the repeated use of the same conjunction.

“We lived

and

loved

and

left.” laughed

and

“

Nor

will it be finished in the first one thousand days;

nor

the life of this Administration; in

nor

even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet.”

Epistrophe

 repetition of a word or expression at the end of successive phrases, clauses, sentences, or verses especially for rhetorical or poetic effect – – “of the people, by the people, for the people” “When I was a child, I spoke as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child.”

Figurative Language

 Hyperbole: figure of speech in which the truth is exaggerated for emphasis – – Our house means more to us than all the money in the world I’m so happy I’m just going to die

Loose/Cumulative Sentence Structure

• An independent clause followed by a series of subordinate constructions (phrases or clauses) that gather details about a person, place, event, or idea.

–

I found a large hall, obviously a former garage, dimly lit, and packed with cots.

–

I knew I had found a friend in the woman, who herself was a lonely soul, never having known the love of man or child.

Periodic Sentence

 A long and frequently involved sentence, marked by suspended syntax, in which the sense is not completed until the final word--usually with an emphatic climax.

– – "In the almost incredibly brief time which it took the small but sturdy porter to roll a milk-can across the platform and bump it, with a clang, against other milk-cans similarly treated a moment before, Ashe fell in love.“ "To believe your own thought, to believe that what is true for you in your private heart is true for all men, that is genius."

Active v. Passive Voice

 In an active sentence, the subject is doing the action. – – "Steve loves Amy." (Steve is the subject, and he is doing the action: he loves Amy, the object of the sentence.) “I Heard It through the Grapevine.” ("I" is the subject, the one who is doing the action. "I" is hearing "it," the object of the sentence.)

Active v. Passive Voice

 In passive voice, the target of the action gets promoted to the subject position. – – "Amy is loved by Steve." (The subject of the sentence becomes Amy, but she isn't doing anything. Rather, she is just the recipient of Steve's love. The focus of the sentence has changed from Steve to Amy.) “It was heard by me through the grapevine” (not such a catchy title anymore.)

Jargon Colloquialism

 special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand – – Touchdown, territory, scrambling, loose ball, kickoff, man-in-motion, down, end zone, goal line, hand-off, offside, picked off, recovery, audible, blitz, clipping, down . “on cloud nine,” “sweet tooth,” “poker face,” “back burner”  a word or phrase that is not formal or literary, typically one used in ordinary or familiar conversation.

– “Hallelujah holla back.” –Barack Obama “Y’all”, “gonna”, “wanna”

Inverted Syntax

 Sentence structure in which the expected order of words is reversed  Sometimes this is found in older poems because authors would reverse word order to conform to meter and rhyme scheme however people did not speak this way in everyday language

Inverted Syntax

  From the flames I ran away

I ran away from the flames

  My words on deaf ears fell

My words fell on deaf ears

  Indifference, then, is not only a sin, it is a punishment.

Then, indifference is not only a sin, it is a punishment.

Parallel Structure

 Parallel structure means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance.

-Mary likes

to hike

, -Mary likes to

hike

,

to swim

, and

swim

, and

to ride ride

a bicycle.

a bicycle.

-Mary like hiking, swimming, and riding a bicycle.

 DO NOT mix forms: – – Mary likes hik

ing

, swimm

ing

, and

to ride

a bicycle.

The coach told the players

that they should get

a lot of sleep,

that they should not eat

game.

too much, and

to do

some warm-up exercises before the

Situational Irony

 Irony involving a situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended.

- A man takes a back road to avoid traffic on the highway, and a wreck end up keeping him in stopped traffic for an hour.