Transcript Diapositive 1

Systématique, Adaptation, Evolution
Directeur: Hervé Le Guyader
Professeur UPMC
Directeur adjoint: Dominique Higuet
Professeur UPMC
Les Thématiques de Recherche
Exploration de la Biodiversité
Ecosystèmes chimiosynthétiques marins
Interactions durables
Génomique des organismes marins
Les Equipes
Exploration de la biodiversité
Responsable Philippe Bouchet (MNHN)
Phylogénie
Responsable Guillaume Lecointre (MNHN)
Evolution moléculaire en milieu insulaire
Responsable Cécile Debitus (IRD)
Espèces et spéciation
Responsable Simon Tillier (MNHN)
Evolution et développement du squelette
Responsable Jean-Yves Sire (CNRS)
Evolution et développement
Responsable Michaël Manuel (UPMC)
Génétique et évolution
Responsable Dominique Higuet (UPMC)
Adaptation et évolution en milieux extrêmes
Responsable Bruce Shillito (UPMC)
Symbiose
Responsable Olivier Gros (UAG)
Modélisation
Responsable Philippe Lopez (UPMC)
Plasticité des génomes en milieu
hydrothermal profond
Mathieu Piednoël, Caroline Esnault, Micheline Jacques, Spencer Brown, Eric
Bonnivard and Dominique Higuet
UMR 7138 Systématique Adaptation Evolution
Team Génétique et Evolution
UPMC - CNRS – MNHN - IRD
Hydrothermal vent issues
 Highly variable in time and in space :
70 à 400°C
- short vent lifetimes
- temperature variations over few cm
4°C
 High biomass but small number of species :
- less than 600 metazoan species described
- 2500 individuals/m2 for R. exoculata
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Genome size (pg +/- S.E.)
Genome sizes of vent (black bars) and non-vent related species
crustacean decapods
Infraorder
40
5
1
35
30
3
25
5
20
15
4
10
1
8
1
4
8
3
1
4
5
2
1
3
1
6
3
1
6
7
9
1
3
4
1
3
5
4
0
Families
From Bonnivard et al., Genome, 2009
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Genome size (pg +/- S.E.)
Genome sizes of vent (black bars) and non-vent related species
annelids
bivalves
Order
8
7
7
6
6
5
5
1
4
3 20
2
2
8
4
1
1
1
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10
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Families
large GS that could reflect the amount of TEs in the genome
From Bonnivard et al., Genome, 2009
Log10 (x+1) TEs percentage of the genome
“Correlation” between genome size and abundance of TEs
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Log10 (x+1) Genome Size (Mb)
(Species that have been the subject of large-scale sequencing studies)
From Gregory TR, Nature Reviews, 2005
Why are transposable elements interesting ?
Mobile DNA (with promoter and coding sequences) that
- are present in all organisms
- show a great diversity and abundance
- are major component of eukaryotic genomes (44% of the human genome),
corresponding to « moderately repeated sequences »
- have a great impact on genome evolution,
as major factors of genome plasticity involved in stress response
- Powerful genetics tools for population or phylogenic analyses
A wide distribution of DIRS1-like elements
Ynno1
Alvi1
Alvi2
Alvi3
Alvi4
Alvi5
Ypili1
Ypili2
Ycran1
Ypase1
Ymaja1
vent
Ymur1
Ymur2
Ymur3
Yannu1
non vent
Piednoel and Bonnivard, BMC evol biol, 2009
Take-home message
 Large genome size for vent species in contrast to results
observed in other harsh and extreme environments
 increase in GS in correlation with an abundance of TEs in
hypervariable environments
 Great diversity of TEs in the shrimp R. exoculata
 Abundance and huge diversity of «rare» DIRS1-like
elements in vent shrimps and galatheid squat lobster
15 families of DIRS1-like in 16 decapod species
 Large diversity and wide distribution among decapods
1 species
amoeba
bracovirus
ascidiacea
anemone
branchiopod
3 species
2 species
insects
zygomycetes
sea urchins
tetrapods
5 species
16 species
50% from
Vents
fishes
decapods
Piednoel and Bonnivard, BMC evol biol, 2009