Transcript Production Operation in each Stages

Session 3
Production Operation
in Each Stages :
 Primary
 Secondary
 EO Recovery
PRIMARY RECOVERY
SECONDARY RECOVERY
Secondary Recovery
Secondary recovery didefinisikan sebagai operasi dimana
suatu reservoir yang telah depleted atau hampir depleted
diperbaharui kembali.
• Reservoir telah terproduksi
• Ketidaktahuan atau sesuatu yang tidak dapat
dihindarkan
adanya
kehilangan
energi karena
kebocoran
• Investor tidak ingin lagi menanam modal lebih banyak
• Besarnya biaya penelitian untuk mendapatkan recovery
maksimum
• Kegagalan operator untuk mengetahui keuntungankeuntungan yang didapat dari perencanaan dan
pengontrolan operasi reservoir yang dini.
Pressure Maintenance
Jika tenaga pendorong air lemah atau tenaga
pendorong gas terlarut dari reservoir yang
berpermeabilitasnya rendah maka operator dapat
melakukan pressure maintenace sampai ke suatu
tingkat tertentu dengan cara pengurangan
produksi atau dengan penambahan energi dari
luar untuk mendapatkan recovery dan keuntungan
yang lebih baik.
• Untuk memaksa gas atau air melalui reservoir
minyak dan secara fisik memaksa minyak
keluar dari pori-pori dan masuk ke lubang
sumur.
• Dapat membantu energi yang ada dan
mengganti energi dari tenaga gas terlarut.
• Untuk menjaga gas tetap berada dalam larutan
minyak menjadikan viskositas minyak tetap
rendah sehingga mudah bergerak, sehingga
minyak lebih mudah mengalir ke arah lubang
sumur produksi.
Pola Suntikan
-
line Drive
5-spot
7-spot
9-spot
Yang tidak beraturan
Penyuntikan dari pinggir (periphery) lapangan
Pola Suntikan
Line Drive
5-Spot
7-Spot
9-Spot
ANALYZING FUNDAMENTALS OF WATERFLOODING
IN POROUS MEDIA
THE DISPLACEMENT PROCESS
Piston Like Displacement
Sor
Oil
Water
S wi
Figure 1. Fluid displacement in piston like manner
Leaky Piston Like Displacement
Sor
Water
Oil
W
S wi
O
Figure 2. Fluid displacement in a leaky piston like manner
Linear Displacement Process
Water
Initial Oil Saturation
S
A
T
U
R
A
T
I
O
N
Oil
Injected Water Bank
Connate Water
DISTANCE
Figure 3. Schematic of linear displacement below bubble point pressure
Water Bank
S
A
T
U
R
A
T
I
O
N
Oil Bank
UNAFFECTED RESERVOIR
Trapped Gas
Initial Free Gas
Water
Oil
Connate Water
Distance
Figure 4. Saturation distribution during waterflood
when trapped gas is re dissolved
EOR
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
EOR sebagai setiap proses yang
digunakan untuk meningkatkan ultimate
recovery dari suatu reservoir kecuali
hanya injeksi air atau gas saja.
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Steam atau hotwater flooding
In situ Combustion
Miscible displacement
Immiscible Displacement
Thermal Recovery
Chemical Recovery
Microbial EOR
Vibro Seismic
 Enhanced Oil Recovery is a means of
producing oil with the introduction of
external fluids,substances and energy
into the oil reservoir
 Fluids, substances: water, steam,
chemical, microbes
 Energy : mechanic, thermal or
combination of the two
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Immiscible Displacement
 Immiscible displacement:
injection of fluid that is immiscible with oil
 Immiscible displacement:
Water, Gas (Hydrocarbon, CO2, Nitrogen, Air)
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Miscible Displacement
 Injection of fluid which is miscible with oil
 Displacement fluids:
hydrocarbon solvent, CO2, Flue Gas, N2
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Chemical
Surfactant:
 mixture
of polymer, alcohol, sulfonate
 reduce interfacial tension
 reduce capillary pressure
 increase microscopic displacement efficiency
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Chemical
 Polymer:
 Improving water-oil mobility ratio (↓)
 Increasing Sweep Efficiency (ES) - Macroscopic
 Often used in combination with surfactant
 Most widely used polymer in EOR:
 Polyacyrlamide:artificial, flexible
 Polysaccharide:fermentation, rigid, effective for reservoir with
high viscosity oil
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Chemical
 Alkaline:
pH until 11 – 12
 Could reduce interfacial tension to 0.01 dyne/cm
 NaOH in water: 0.05 – 0.2% (500 – 2000 ppm)
 Increase
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Thermal
 Thermal recovery is a process to improve oil recovery
by introducing heat to the oil reservoir so the oil
viscosity will be reduced or oil phase changes into
vapor phase
 Thermal recovery:
Hot – water flood
Steam processes
In situ combustion
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Thermal
 Steam processes:
 Cyclic Steam Stimulation (Huff ’n’ Puff)
 Steam Drive (Steam Flood)
 In Situ Combustion:
 Injecting air and burn some oil
 Reducing oil viscosity, changing oil into vapor phase, and
displacing with combination of steam, hot water and gas
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Thermal
 Steam processes:
 Cyclic Steam Stimulation (Huff ’n’ Puff)
 Steam Drive (Steam Flood)
 In Situ Combustion:
 Injecting air and burn some oil
 Reducing oil viscosity, changing oil into vapor phase, and
displacing with combination of steam, hot water and gas
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Microbial EOR
 MEOR is a process to improve oil recovery by using
microbes
 Microbe characteristics:
Able to live in high pressure and high temperature
 Anaerobe
 Able to live in low pH and high salinity
 Able to live in less nutrition environment
 Able to use Hydrocarbon as nutrition source
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ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Microbial EOR
 MEOR mechanism:
Producing acid
 dissolve rock matrix so that will increase porosity and
permeability
 Producing gas (basically similar with CO2 flood)
 Producing solvent (ethanol, butanol, acetone, isopropanol)
 miscible with oil, and reducing oil viscosity and giving
better mobility ratio.
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ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Microbial EOR
 MEOR mechanism:
 Producing surfactant
 basically similar with surfactant flood
 Selective plugging
 Producing polymer
 reducing water mobility and able to control water mobility
by increasing water viscosity
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Factors Affecting EOR
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Wettability
Petrophysical properties
Rock type
Oil type
P & T of the reservoir
Reservoir driving mechanism
Formation water salinity
Heterogenity
Present Oil Saturation
Remaining Oil Reserves
Reservoir Dip
Economics
SELESAI