Production Operation in each Stages
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Transcript Production Operation in each Stages
Session 3
Production Operation
in Each Stages :
Primary
Secondary
EO Recovery
PRIMARY RECOVERY
SECONDARY RECOVERY
Secondary Recovery
Secondary recovery didefinisikan sebagai operasi dimana
suatu reservoir yang telah depleted atau hampir depleted
diperbaharui kembali.
• Reservoir telah terproduksi
• Ketidaktahuan atau sesuatu yang tidak dapat
dihindarkan
adanya
kehilangan
energi karena
kebocoran
• Investor tidak ingin lagi menanam modal lebih banyak
• Besarnya biaya penelitian untuk mendapatkan recovery
maksimum
• Kegagalan operator untuk mengetahui keuntungankeuntungan yang didapat dari perencanaan dan
pengontrolan operasi reservoir yang dini.
Pressure Maintenance
Jika tenaga pendorong air lemah atau tenaga
pendorong gas terlarut dari reservoir yang
berpermeabilitasnya rendah maka operator dapat
melakukan pressure maintenace sampai ke suatu
tingkat tertentu dengan cara pengurangan
produksi atau dengan penambahan energi dari
luar untuk mendapatkan recovery dan keuntungan
yang lebih baik.
• Untuk memaksa gas atau air melalui reservoir
minyak dan secara fisik memaksa minyak
keluar dari pori-pori dan masuk ke lubang
sumur.
• Dapat membantu energi yang ada dan
mengganti energi dari tenaga gas terlarut.
• Untuk menjaga gas tetap berada dalam larutan
minyak menjadikan viskositas minyak tetap
rendah sehingga mudah bergerak, sehingga
minyak lebih mudah mengalir ke arah lubang
sumur produksi.
Pola Suntikan
-
line Drive
5-spot
7-spot
9-spot
Yang tidak beraturan
Penyuntikan dari pinggir (periphery) lapangan
Pola Suntikan
Line Drive
5-Spot
7-Spot
9-Spot
ANALYZING FUNDAMENTALS OF WATERFLOODING
IN POROUS MEDIA
THE DISPLACEMENT PROCESS
Piston Like Displacement
Sor
Oil
Water
S wi
Figure 1. Fluid displacement in piston like manner
Leaky Piston Like Displacement
Sor
Water
Oil
W
S wi
O
Figure 2. Fluid displacement in a leaky piston like manner
Linear Displacement Process
Water
Initial Oil Saturation
S
A
T
U
R
A
T
I
O
N
Oil
Injected Water Bank
Connate Water
DISTANCE
Figure 3. Schematic of linear displacement below bubble point pressure
Water Bank
S
A
T
U
R
A
T
I
O
N
Oil Bank
UNAFFECTED RESERVOIR
Trapped Gas
Initial Free Gas
Water
Oil
Connate Water
Distance
Figure 4. Saturation distribution during waterflood
when trapped gas is re dissolved
EOR
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
EOR sebagai setiap proses yang
digunakan untuk meningkatkan ultimate
recovery dari suatu reservoir kecuali
hanya injeksi air atau gas saja.
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Steam atau hotwater flooding
In situ Combustion
Miscible displacement
Immiscible Displacement
Thermal Recovery
Chemical Recovery
Microbial EOR
Vibro Seismic
Enhanced Oil Recovery is a means of
producing oil with the introduction of
external fluids,substances and energy
into the oil reservoir
Fluids, substances: water, steam,
chemical, microbes
Energy : mechanic, thermal or
combination of the two
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Immiscible Displacement
Immiscible displacement:
injection of fluid that is immiscible with oil
Immiscible displacement:
Water, Gas (Hydrocarbon, CO2, Nitrogen, Air)
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Miscible Displacement
Injection of fluid which is miscible with oil
Displacement fluids:
hydrocarbon solvent, CO2, Flue Gas, N2
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Chemical
Surfactant:
mixture
of polymer, alcohol, sulfonate
reduce interfacial tension
reduce capillary pressure
increase microscopic displacement efficiency
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Chemical
Polymer:
Improving water-oil mobility ratio (↓)
Increasing Sweep Efficiency (ES) - Macroscopic
Often used in combination with surfactant
Most widely used polymer in EOR:
Polyacyrlamide:artificial, flexible
Polysaccharide:fermentation, rigid, effective for reservoir with
high viscosity oil
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Chemical
Alkaline:
pH until 11 – 12
Could reduce interfacial tension to 0.01 dyne/cm
NaOH in water: 0.05 – 0.2% (500 – 2000 ppm)
Increase
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Thermal
Thermal recovery is a process to improve oil recovery
by introducing heat to the oil reservoir so the oil
viscosity will be reduced or oil phase changes into
vapor phase
Thermal recovery:
Hot – water flood
Steam processes
In situ combustion
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Thermal
Steam processes:
Cyclic Steam Stimulation (Huff ’n’ Puff)
Steam Drive (Steam Flood)
In Situ Combustion:
Injecting air and burn some oil
Reducing oil viscosity, changing oil into vapor phase, and
displacing with combination of steam, hot water and gas
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Thermal
Steam processes:
Cyclic Steam Stimulation (Huff ’n’ Puff)
Steam Drive (Steam Flood)
In Situ Combustion:
Injecting air and burn some oil
Reducing oil viscosity, changing oil into vapor phase, and
displacing with combination of steam, hot water and gas
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Microbial EOR
MEOR is a process to improve oil recovery by using
microbes
Microbe characteristics:
Able to live in high pressure and high temperature
Anaerobe
Able to live in low pH and high salinity
Able to live in less nutrition environment
Able to use Hydrocarbon as nutrition source
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Microbial EOR
MEOR mechanism:
Producing acid
dissolve rock matrix so that will increase porosity and
permeability
Producing gas (basically similar with CO2 flood)
Producing solvent (ethanol, butanol, acetone, isopropanol)
miscible with oil, and reducing oil viscosity and giving
better mobility ratio.
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Microbial EOR
MEOR mechanism:
Producing surfactant
basically similar with surfactant flood
Selective plugging
Producing polymer
reducing water mobility and able to control water mobility
by increasing water viscosity
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Factors Affecting EOR
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Wettability
Petrophysical properties
Rock type
Oil type
P & T of the reservoir
Reservoir driving mechanism
Formation water salinity
Heterogenity
Present Oil Saturation
Remaining Oil Reserves
Reservoir Dip
Economics
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