Transcript Current Indian Reservations in Texas
Current Indian Reservations in Texas:
1.Alabama Coushatta 2.Kickapoo (They own a casino) 3.Tigua
•HOW DID TEXAS GET IT’S NAME??
•
The state name originates from the Caddo Indian word " teysha " meaning " friends " Texas comes from the Caddo Indian tribe. The Spanish Conquistadors encountered the Caddo Indians around 1540 in the area of East Texas. The Caddos referred to the Spanish as "tayshas," which meant "friend" or "allies." The Spanish translation was "tejas." The Americans converted it to "Texas."
1. The Caddo Indians- Most Advanced Indians in Texas
Caddo Man
Caddo Woman
Caddo Village
•Caddo Village- Were part of the Mound Building Tribe
Caddo Village
•Caddo Indians- They farmed crops such as “Maize”- Corn
•Caddo- Built their Villages on the Red River; made it easier to gather water
•Caddo Pottery- helped to carry water, cook food, and trade or “barter” with other tribes
Caddo Pottery
Whitebread, Caddo chief (caddi) from 1902-1913
Mrs. Whitebread, wife of Caddo chief (caddi), 1902-1913
Jose Maria José Maria, famous chief of the Anadarko (Nadaco), who rose to become principal chief of all Caddo groups during the turbulent years of the mid 1800s. José Maria, whose Caddo name was Iesh (Aasch), was famed both as a warrior and statesman. It was he who led the Caddo from the short-lived Brazos Reserve in Texas to the Indian Territory in 1859. This bronze bust by sculptor Leonard McMurry is on display at the National Hall of Fame for Famous American Indians in Anadarko, Oklahoma.
Sho-We-Tit (Billy Thomas), a Caddo man photographed by Joseph Dixon on June 21, 1913
•The Caddo lived in beehive shaped huts.
*Caddo Indians moved tons of dirt in baskets to build their enormous temple mounds in East Texas .
•Caddo- Celebrated by having a Ceremonial Dance
Caddo Woman Arranges Daughter’s Hair
Caddo Woman & Daughter 1890’s
Caddo Women Dance the Turkey Dance
2. Coahuiltecan Indians
•Coahuiltecan men would pursue a deer for an entire day until the deer dropped from exhaustion!
-Lived in South Texas where we live today
• Coahuiltecans often fought with other tribes • They used hit and run techniques • They fought to secure better hunting land
3. Karankawa Indians
• Lived along the coast between Corpus Christi and Galveston Bay • Cannibals- ate their enemies for “Strength” • Migrated from California
Perdiz Arrowpoints Commonly found at Karankawa Excavation Sites
Karankawa Indian SmokingPipe
4. APACHE INDIANS
•Apache Indian Encampment Texas Hill Country
Lipan Apache Warrior
Lipan Apache
Apache Indians
Apache Devil Dance
Apache Wickiup
White Mountain Apache Scouts
Apache Men in Camp
Tonkawa Indians
Chiricahua Apache man, No-talq
Camp of the Lipans, as depicted in an idyllic scene by Theodore Gentilz, 1840s.
Lipan Apache brave
Hattie, Chiricahua Apache, circa 1899
San Juan, a Mescalero Apache chief
Lipan Apache girl
Bison of the Plains, 1906
Apache Camp
Tonkawa Culture
The Tonkawa Indians were actually a group of independent bands, the Tonkawas proper, the Mayeyes, and a number of smaller groups that may have included the Cava, Cantona, Emet, Sana, Toho, and Tohaha Indians. The remnants of these tribes united in the early eighteenth century in the region of Central Texas near Austin. The Tonkawa were hunters and fishermen, they did not farm. They hunted buffalo, deer, turkey and rabbits and caught fish, mussels and fresh water prawns. They also gathered and ate a number of herbs, roots, fruit, seeds, acorns, and pecans. When Anglo settlers moved into their region, pecans became an item of barter.
In aboriginal days the Tonkawas lived in short, squat tepees covered with buffalo hides. As the buffalo became scarce, brush arbors, resembling the tepee in structure but covered with brush branches and grass, replaced the buffalo-skin tepee. Still later, these structures were replaced with simple flat-topped huts covered with brush. The Tonkawas intermarried with Lipans and other Indians or whites to the extent that they were no longer distinguishable as a separate tribe by 1951.
Tonkawa Woman
Tonkawa
TONKAWA
The Tonkawan Indians of Texas T
he Tonkawa were a nomadic buffalo hunting people roaming from somewhere around what is now Hillsboro, Texas to the vicinity of present day San Antonio, Texas. They lived in scattered villages of tepees constructed from buffalo hides or arbors made from brush and grass. They ate most kinds of small game, fish and shellfish. They excepted the coyote and wolf from their diet for religious reasons. They collected nuts (especially pecans), herbs, acorns and fruits to supplement their meats. They even attempted some farming in the latter part of the eighteenth century.
Their tribal culture was similar to many Plains Indian tribes, especially the Crow. Each band of Tonkawa elected a chief to lead them under an elected tribal head chief. Clan membership, determined by the mother's clan, was another important aspect of Tonkawa society. Marriage came with little ceremony, but funeral rites were extensive. Mourning lasted three days and was followed by a four day pipe smoking purification.
buffalo robe would be added on top for cold weather.
Dress
The Tonkawa were notable warriors who used bows, spears and firearms. The warriors wore protective leather jackets and caps decorated with horn and brilliant plumage. They traded tallow, deerskins and buffalo robes to the Spanish to obtain their first firearms in the late 18th century. The Tonkawa are known to have worn breastplates, chokers and ear pendants made with hair pipes. Breechclout, leggings and moccasins completed their warm weather clothing. A Male and female Tonkawans tattoed and painted their bodies for adornment or religious purposes. A picture taken in 1871 shows Castile, a Tonkawan, with a long belt made of linked silver conchos, each an oval of about four by six inches. A line of small silver buttons or beads runs down the outside of each of his leggings. He is wearing a beaded feather hanging from over his right ear and dangling in front of his shoulder. Castile is reported to have been chief of the Tonkawas and a scout for both the Texas Rangers and the U.S. Army.
Reports of cannibalism among the Texas tribes were often applied to the Karankawa and the Tonkawa.
Apache on Horseback
Apache Man & Woman
Plains Indians Relied on the Buffalo
Atakapan in Dugout Canoe
Comanche Horsemanship
Comanche
Women Cut Buffalo Strips to Dry
Comanche Village
Comanche Teepee
Comanche Braves
Quanah Parker
Cynthia AnnParker and her daughter, Topsannah
Comanche Woman
Comanche
Comanche
Comanche Woman
Comanche chief "Ee-shah-ko-nee" (the bow and quiver).
From Catlin 1926.
Plains Indian Woman Artist Friedrich Richard Petri painted a variety of people and scenes in the area of his Fredericksburg home in the Texas Hill Country.
Battle of Plum Creek (Comanches)
Comanche Indians Chasing Buffalo by George Catlan
Tonkawa Beaded Moccasin
Wichita Grass House
Wichita Camp 1904
Wee-Ta-Ra-Sha-Ro, Head Chief of the Wichita. Painted by George Catlin in 1834
Kiowa painting of Koba (Wild Horse) wearing feathered headdress on horseback with group of men including Etahdeleuh (Boy Hunting), carrying lances. Watercolor, 1875
Kiowa brave. Tow-An-Kee, son of Lone Wolf. Killed in Texas in 1873
Kiowa boy, wearing bone breastplate and striped cotton clothing.
Photo circa 1867-1874,
Kiowa Man & Wife
Kiowa Woman
Beaded Kiowa Moccasins
Kiowa Beaded Horse Halter
Kiowa on Reservation Circa 1900
Kiowa Baby
Kiowa Women
Kiowa camp, ca. 1867-1874.
Making Medicine." Kiowa drawing by Mopope, reflecting importance of buffalo to the Indian
Topin Tone-oneo, daughter of Kicking Bird. The only one of the great Kiowa chief's children to survive him.
Enchanted Rock near Fredericksburg was considered a sacred (holy) place for the Native Americans that lived there.
• • During the winter the Karankawas stayed near the coast. Large schools of fish would come into the shallow bays, making them easy to catch. Clams and oysters were also available on the coast and were safe to eat in the winter.
In the summer, when the fish moved too far out to sea to catch, the Karankawas moved inland. They survived by hunting deer, rabbits, turkeys, and turtles, and by gathering berries, plants, and a special root that grew in shallow water.
Jumanos