Current Indian Reservations in Texas:

1.Alabama Coushatta 2.Kickapoo (They own a casino) 3.Tigua

•HOW DID TEXAS GET IT’S NAME??

•

The state name originates from the Caddo Indian word " teysha " meaning " friends " Texas comes from the Caddo Indian tribe. The Spanish Conquistadors encountered the Caddo Indians around 1540 in the area of East Texas. The Caddos referred to the Spanish as "tayshas," which meant "friend" or "allies." The Spanish translation was "tejas." The Americans converted it to "Texas."

1. The Caddo Indians- Most Advanced Indians in Texas

Caddo Man

Caddo Woman

Caddo Village

•Caddo Village- Were part of the Mound Building Tribe

Caddo Village

•Caddo Indians- They farmed crops such as “Maize”- Corn

•Caddo- Built their Villages on the Red River; made it easier to gather water

•Caddo Pottery- helped to carry water, cook food, and trade or “barter” with other tribes

Caddo Pottery

Whitebread, Caddo chief (caddi) from 1902-1913

Mrs. Whitebread, wife of Caddo chief (caddi), 1902-1913

Jose Maria José Maria, famous chief of the Anadarko (Nadaco), who rose to become principal chief of all Caddo groups during the turbulent years of the mid 1800s. José Maria, whose Caddo name was Iesh (Aasch), was famed both as a warrior and statesman. It was he who led the Caddo from the short-lived Brazos Reserve in Texas to the Indian Territory in 1859. This bronze bust by sculptor Leonard McMurry is on display at the National Hall of Fame for Famous American Indians in Anadarko, Oklahoma.

Sho-We-Tit (Billy Thomas), a Caddo man photographed by Joseph Dixon on June 21, 1913

•The Caddo lived in beehive shaped huts.

*Caddo Indians moved tons of dirt in baskets to build their enormous temple mounds in East Texas .

•Caddo- Celebrated by having a Ceremonial Dance

Caddo Woman Arranges Daughter’s Hair

Caddo Woman & Daughter 1890’s

Caddo Women Dance the Turkey Dance

2. Coahuiltecan Indians

•Coahuiltecan men would pursue a deer for an entire day until the deer dropped from exhaustion!

-Lived in South Texas where we live today

• Coahuiltecans often fought with other tribes • They used hit and run techniques • They fought to secure better hunting land

3. Karankawa Indians

• Lived along the coast between Corpus Christi and Galveston Bay • Cannibals- ate their enemies for “Strength” • Migrated from California

Perdiz Arrowpoints Commonly found at Karankawa Excavation Sites

Karankawa Indian SmokingPipe

4. APACHE INDIANS

•Apache Indian Encampment Texas Hill Country

Lipan Apache Warrior

Lipan Apache

Apache Indians

Apache Devil Dance

Apache Wickiup

White Mountain Apache Scouts

Apache Men in Camp

Tonkawa Indians

Chiricahua Apache man, No-talq

Camp of the Lipans, as depicted in an idyllic scene by Theodore Gentilz, 1840s.

Lipan Apache brave

Hattie, Chiricahua Apache, circa 1899

San Juan, a Mescalero Apache chief

Lipan Apache girl

Bison of the Plains, 1906

Apache Camp

Tonkawa Culture

The Tonkawa Indians were actually a group of independent bands, the Tonkawas proper, the Mayeyes, and a number of smaller groups that may have included the Cava, Cantona, Emet, Sana, Toho, and Tohaha Indians. The remnants of these tribes united in the early eighteenth century in the region of Central Texas near Austin. The Tonkawa were hunters and fishermen, they did not farm. They hunted buffalo, deer, turkey and rabbits and caught fish, mussels and fresh water prawns. They also gathered and ate a number of herbs, roots, fruit, seeds, acorns, and pecans. When Anglo settlers moved into their region, pecans became an item of barter.

In aboriginal days the Tonkawas lived in short, squat tepees covered with buffalo hides. As the buffalo became scarce, brush arbors, resembling the tepee in structure but covered with brush branches and grass, replaced the buffalo-skin tepee. Still later, these structures were replaced with simple flat-topped huts covered with brush. The Tonkawas intermarried with Lipans and other Indians or whites to the extent that they were no longer distinguishable as a separate tribe by 1951.

Tonkawa Woman

Tonkawa

TONKAWA

The Tonkawan Indians of Texas T

he Tonkawa were a nomadic buffalo hunting people roaming from somewhere around what is now Hillsboro, Texas to the vicinity of present day San Antonio, Texas. They lived in scattered villages of tepees constructed from buffalo hides or arbors made from brush and grass. They ate most kinds of small game, fish and shellfish. They excepted the coyote and wolf from their diet for religious reasons. They collected nuts (especially pecans), herbs, acorns and fruits to supplement their meats. They even attempted some farming in the latter part of the eighteenth century.

Their tribal culture was similar to many Plains Indian tribes, especially the Crow. Each band of Tonkawa elected a chief to lead them under an elected tribal head chief. Clan membership, determined by the mother's clan, was another important aspect of Tonkawa society. Marriage came with little ceremony, but funeral rites were extensive. Mourning lasted three days and was followed by a four day pipe smoking purification.

buffalo robe would be added on top for cold weather.

Dress

The Tonkawa were notable warriors who used bows, spears and firearms. The warriors wore protective leather jackets and caps decorated with horn and brilliant plumage. They traded tallow, deerskins and buffalo robes to the Spanish to obtain their first firearms in the late 18th century. The Tonkawa are known to have worn breastplates, chokers and ear pendants made with hair pipes. Breechclout, leggings and moccasins completed their warm weather clothing. A Male and female Tonkawans tattoed and painted their bodies for adornment or religious purposes. A picture taken in 1871 shows Castile, a Tonkawan, with a long belt made of linked silver conchos, each an oval of about four by six inches. A line of small silver buttons or beads runs down the outside of each of his leggings. He is wearing a beaded feather hanging from over his right ear and dangling in front of his shoulder. Castile is reported to have been chief of the Tonkawas and a scout for both the Texas Rangers and the U.S. Army.

Reports of cannibalism among the Texas tribes were often applied to the Karankawa and the Tonkawa.

Apache on Horseback

Apache Man & Woman

Plains Indians Relied on the Buffalo

Atakapan in Dugout Canoe

Comanche Horsemanship

Comanche

Women Cut Buffalo Strips to Dry

Comanche Village

Comanche Teepee

Comanche Braves

Quanah Parker

Cynthia AnnParker and her daughter, Topsannah

Comanche Woman

Comanche

Comanche

Comanche Woman

Comanche chief "Ee-shah-ko-nee" (the bow and quiver).

From Catlin 1926.

Plains Indian Woman Artist Friedrich Richard Petri painted a variety of people and scenes in the area of his Fredericksburg home in the Texas Hill Country.

Battle of Plum Creek (Comanches)

Comanche Indians Chasing Buffalo by George Catlan

Tonkawa Beaded Moccasin

Wichita Grass House

Wichita Camp 1904

Wee-Ta-Ra-Sha-Ro, Head Chief of the Wichita. Painted by George Catlin in 1834

Kiowa painting of Koba (Wild Horse) wearing feathered headdress on horseback with group of men including Etahdeleuh (Boy Hunting), carrying lances. Watercolor, 1875

Kiowa brave. Tow-An-Kee, son of Lone Wolf. Killed in Texas in 1873

Kiowa boy, wearing bone breastplate and striped cotton clothing.

Photo circa 1867-1874,

Kiowa Man & Wife

Kiowa Woman

Beaded Kiowa Moccasins

Kiowa Beaded Horse Halter

Kiowa on Reservation Circa 1900

Kiowa Baby

Kiowa Women

Kiowa camp, ca. 1867-1874.

Making Medicine." Kiowa drawing by Mopope, reflecting importance of buffalo to the Indian

Topin Tone-oneo, daughter of Kicking Bird. The only one of the great Kiowa chief's children to survive him.

Enchanted Rock near Fredericksburg was considered a sacred (holy) place for the Native Americans that lived there.

• • During the winter the Karankawas stayed near the coast. Large schools of fish would come into the shallow bays, making them easy to catch. Clams and oysters were also available on the coast and were safe to eat in the winter.

In the summer, when the fish moved too far out to sea to catch, the Karankawas moved inland. They survived by hunting deer, rabbits, turkeys, and turtles, and by gathering berries, plants, and a special root that grew in shallow water.

Jumanos