Pediatric Orthopaedics: Emergencies & Pitfalls
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Transcript Pediatric Orthopaedics: Emergencies & Pitfalls
Selina Silva, MD
UNM Carrie Tingley Hospital
Intoeing/ Outoeing
Bowlegged/ knock-kneed
Flexible Flatfeet
Growing Pains
Septic Joints
Legg-Calve-Perthes
DDH
SCFE
Scoliosis
Back Pain
3 sources of
intoeing
Femoral
anteversion
Internal tibial
torsion
Metatarsus
adductus
Femoral Anteversion
Normal is for children to be born with 30
degrees and with growth this normalizes to 10
degrees as an adult.
Women have more femoral anteversion than
men
Often familial
Measure the amount of IR and ER of the hip
Greater than 70 degrees IR is considered
severe
Internal Tibial Torsion
Common for one leg to have more
than the other
Also externally rotates with growth to
about 15 degrees as an adult
Measure the thigh-foot angle
5 degrees IR to 15 degrees ER is
normal
Metatarsus Adductus
Most common congenital foot deformity
Forefoot metatarsals are medially rotated on cuneiforms
Hindfoot is normal
Flexible and resolves on its own 85% of the time
Deformity in femur or tibia
Usually does not improve with
growth or worsens
Less tolerated and so treated
surgically more often
If asymmetric, need to rule out
other problems
SCFE
Toeing out usually corrected around the age of 7-10 if
symptomatic
Toeing in often resolves near normal
Therefore give more time prior to offering surgical
correction
Correct severe cases, greater than 70 degrees
Corrected in early teen years if symptomatic
Forefoot adduction corrects 85% of the time on its own
Start with passive stretching by parents
Can do casting if not correcting
If rigid and not correcting, osteotomies can be done
around 5 yo
www.pulsetoday.uk.co
www.orthopediatrics.com
Physiologic between 1-3
External rotation hip contractures
Internal tibial torsion
Blounts:
Disturbance of proximal tibial physis
Often unilateral
Overweight child, early walker vs. obese adolescent
Familial
Radiographic
changes not limited
to medial tibial
physis
Notice bowing of
femurs
Physiologic between
ages 3-6
Worry if unilateral
Ankles rolling in
correct when the
knees correct
Early teens may
consider
hemiepiphysiodesis
Indications:
Mechanical axis off
and knee pain or
patellar subluxation
20% of the population,
variant of normal
When stand on toes there is
an arch
No treatment unless feet hurt
Orthotics for symptoms
Surgery for correction
Usually bilateral lower extremities
At night or first thing in the morning
Goes away with massage/attention
Treatment: Vitamin D3 and give 3-4 months of
supplementation to really see results
FLAGS:
Always same joint
Wakes them up in the middle of the night
Stop playing or doing sports because of pain
Painful, swollen joint
Red and pain with axial load
Aspirate joint and send for gram stain, cell count, and
culture prior to antibiotics
If septic, emergent incision and drainage is required
Sometimes difficult to differentiate from cellulitis
Risk Factors:
First born, female, breech,
family history
Physical Exam:
Check Ortolani and Barlow
Asymetric Skin Creases
Check Galeazzi
Check for asymetric hip
abduction
No Swaddling the legs,
can still swaddle arms
and get same effect
Ultrasound helpful
after 1 mo of age
AP Pelvis at >4 months
old
Can present at limb
length discrepancy in
walking child
AVN of femoral head
Ages 4-8, usually boys
Pain and limp, no fevers, worse with more activity
AP/Frog Pelvis xray for diagnosis and send to Ortho
Patient profile
Obese preteen
Often c/o knee pain
Affected leg may rotate
outwards
Also seen with kids that
have thyroid problems
REAL danger is bone
death of femoral head
ALWAYS think of hips,
when c/o knee pain
Order AP Pelvis and Frog
view Pelvis xrays
If positive, put on
crutches, TDWB and
send to Peds Ortho/ER
immediately
SCFE is
always a
surgical
problem
Hight risk of AVN,
which occurred in
this patient
Forward bend test
Imbalance of shoulders or pelvis
Greater than 10 degree curve on
Xray is scoliosis
Sometimes presents as limb
length inequality
Most accurate is standing
posterior view: PSIS “dimples”
Get an MRI if thoracic curve is
going to the left or neurologic
findings
Any patient with scoliosis we
need to see and follow until they
are 18 years of age
We follow about every 6 months
with Xrays
Brace at about 25 degrees
Surgery if rapidly progressing or
greater than 50 degrees
Scoliosis does not cause back
pain
Kids with or without scoliosis and that have back pain
are initially treated with home exercise program
We have handout for this
If fail home exercise/stretching program will send to
formal physical therapy
1x per week, for 12 weeks
Core strengthening, truncal stability and hamstring
stretches
If fail therapy, then get MRI or Bone Scan
If any neurologic findings get MRI