Transcript ladee - NSTA Learning Center - National Science Teachers

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NASA's Lunar Atmosphere and
Dust Environment Explorer:
Little Mission, Big Science
Presented by: Dr. Rick Elphic and Brian Day
May 31, 2011
Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment
Explorer: Little Mission, Big Science
May 31, 2011
NSTA Webinar
Rick Elphic,
LADEE Project Scientist
NASA Ames Research Center
Moffett Field, California
Outline of Talk
1. Science Background for LADEE
2. LADEE Payload: 3 science instruments, 1 tech demo
3. LADEE Spacecraft
4. LADEE Launch Vehicle
5. LADEE Mission Profile
6. Schedule & Cost
LADEE: Big Science
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Science Background
LADEE: Science Focus
Lunar Exosphere: A nearby
example of a common
type of atmosphere, the
Surface Boundary
Exosphere.
Dust: Does evidence point
to electrostatic lofting?
In 2008, the door opened to
investigate these
questions: NASA Hq
directed Ames Research
Center to do the LADEE
mission.
LADEE: Big Science
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LADEE Science Background
• 2003 NRC Decadal Survey: “New
Frontiers in the Solar System: An
Integrated Exploration Strategy”
• LEAG Roadmap Objective Sci-A-3:
Characterize the environment and
processes …in the lunar exosphere
• National Research Council (NRC)
report, “Scientific Context for the
Exploration of the Moon” (SCEM)
• 2011 NRC Decadal Survey: “Vision and
Voyages for Planetary Science in the
Decade 2013-2022”
– Execute LADEE mission
LADEE: Big Science
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Exospheres and Dust
Surface Boundary Exospheres (SBEs) may be the most
common type of atmosphere in the solar system…
Large Asteroids
& KBOs
Itokawa
Moon
Europa &
other Icy
satellites
Io
May
17-20, Big
2011Science
LADEE:
Evidence of dust motion on
asteroids and the Moon....
Rhea
LADEE CDR
ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL WARNING
7
Eros
7
Lunar Exosphere – Measurements
Surface measurements: Ar and He
LACE
Earth-based measurements: Na and K
40
Ar Measurements
We know that Ar,
, Na and K
exist in the
exosphere.
May
17-20, Big
2011Science
LADEE:
LADEE CDR
ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL WARNING
8
8
SELENE/Kaguya Observations of Na
• UPI-TVIS instrument
• Viewed Na column
away from Moon
• Distribution
consistent with hot
source (2000 – 6000 K)
LADEE: Big Science
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9
SELENE/Kaguya Observations of Na
• UPI-TVIS instrument
• Viewed Na column
away from Moon
• Distribution
consistent with hot
source (2000 – 6000 K)
• Density varies over 3month timescale
• Density appears to
decrease between 1st
quarter and 3rd quarter
LADEE: Big Science
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10
The Moon has a Sodium Tail!
• The Moon’s Na
exosphere doesn’t
stay put – it blows
away!
• At New Moon, the Na
atoms going
antisunward are
gravity-focused by
Earth.
• All-sky images from
Earth reveal this antisolar tail.
LADEE: Big Science
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11
The Moon has a Sodium Tail!
• The Moon’s Na
exosphere doesn’t
stay put – it blows
away!
Off-band subtracted
• At New Moon, the Na
atoms going
antisunward are
gravity-focused by
Earth.
• All-sky images from
Earth reveal this antisolar tail.
LADEE: Big Science
12
12
Lunar Exosphere – Solar Wind Input
(Wieser et al, 2009)
Chandrayaan Neutral Particles: >1 eV neutral hydrogen is lost.
LADEE: Big Science
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13
“Disappearing” Surficial H2O and OH
• Chandrayaan-1 M3, EPOXI and Cassini VIMS 3-mm observations.
• Presence of H2O and OH in/on surface grains:
o Signature deepest at high latitudes and off-noon local times.
o Where do OH, H2O go? Into exosphere? Polar cold traps?
Pieters et al Science 2009
LADEE: Big Science
Clark et al Science 2009
LADEE ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL
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LCROSS Impact Results
Water Vapor and Water Ice in
Model Fit: 7.4% ± 5% by mass
Add other species:
CH4, CO2, SO2
LADEE: Big Science
LADEE ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL
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15
Lunar Dust: Electrostatic Levitation?
Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites experiment (LEAM)
Terminators
Berg et al., 1976
• Apollo surface experiment LEAM detected dust activity correlated
with the lunar terminators
LADEE: Big Science
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Lunar Dust: Electrostatic Levitation?
• Surveyor 7 images of lunar horizon glow (“LHG”)
• Prevailing theory: <10 mm dust, ~150m away, ~1m high on sunset
horizon
LADEE: Big Science
LADEE ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL
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Lunar Dust – in Orbit?
Gene Cernan sketches from Apollo
Command Module
McCoy and Criswell, 1974
Apollo CM Trajectory
Dust?
• Eyewitness accounts of “streamers”
from Apollo command module
• Too bright to be meteoritic ejecta
• Exosphere and/or high altitude (50 km)
dust is one possibility
• Key goal if LADEE is to help resolve
this open question
LADEE: Big Science
LADEE ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL
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LADEE Project Level Science Objectives
• LADEE Objective 1:
Determine the composition of the lunar atmosphere
and investigate the processes that control its
distribution and variability, including sources, sinks,
and surface interactions.
• LADEE Objective 2:
Characterize the lunar exospheric dust environment
and measure any spatial and temporal variability and
impacts on the lunar atmosphere.
LADEE:20
Big–Science
July
23, 2010
LADEE ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL
19
19
Let’s pause for questions
from the audience
LADEE Payload
LADEE Payload: 3 science, 1 tech demo
Neutral Mass Spectrometer (NMS)
UV-Vis Spectrometer (UVS)
MSL/SAM Heritage
LCROSS heritage
SMD - directed instrument
Dust and
exosphere
measurements
SMD - directed instrument
A. Colaprete
NASA ARC
In situ measurement
of exospheric
species
P. Mahaffy
NASA GSFC
150 Dalton range/unit mass resolution
Lunar Dust EXperiment (LDEX)
Lunar Laser Com Demo (LLCD)
HEOS 2, Galileo, Ulysses and Cassini Heritage
Technology demonstration
SMD - Competed instrument
M. Horányi
LASP
High Data Rate
Optical Comm
SOMD - directed instrument
100 mm Optical
Module
D. Boroson
MIT-LL
s
dem
Mo
51-622 Mbps
ol
ntr
Co onics
ctr
El e
60 c
m
LADEE: Big Science
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LADEE Neutral Mass Spectrometer
Measurement Concept:
• High-sensitivity quadrupole mass spectrometer,
mass range 1 - 150 Dalton and unit mass resolution.
• At 50-km or lower can detect helium, argon and
other species.
• Ultra high vacuum (UHV) materials and processing
used in the fabrication of NMS yield a substantial
improvement over background instrument noise
from Apollo era instruments, corresponding
increase in sensitivity of the measurement.
• The sensitivity is necessary to adequately
measure the low density atmosphere of the moon.
NMS Team:
• Instrument PI: Dr. Paul Mahaffy/GSFC
• Instrument Manager: Dr. Todd King/GSFC
• Instrument SE: Jim Kellog/GSFC
Participating Organizations:
• NASA/GSFC
• U. Michigan/Space Physics Research Lab
• Battel Engineering
• AMU Engineering
• Nolan Engineering
LADEE: Big Science
Performance Data:
• Closed Source species: He, Ar, non-reactive neutrals
• Open Source species: neutrals and ions
• Mass Range: 2 - 150 Da
• Mass Resolution: unit mass resolution over entire range
• Sensitivity: 10-2 (counts per second) / (particles per cc)
• Mass: 11.3 kg
• Volume: 23,940 cm3
• Envelope: 43.2 cm x 24.5 cm x 37.0 cm
• Power: 34.4 W average
• CDH interface: 422 differential
• Data Rate: 3.5 kbs
• Data Volume: 8.5e6 bits per orbit
(assuming 40% duty cycle over a 113 min circular orbit)
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Mass spectrum from CoNTour NMS
LADEE: Big Science
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UV/Vis Spectrometer (UVS)
Measurement Concept:
• UVS includes UV-VIS Spectrometer, telescope,
solar diffuser, & bifurcated optical fiber
• UVS observations consists of limb and
occultation measurements
• Limb observations measure the lunar
atmosphere, & also measure limb dust by
measuring back- or forward-scattered sunlight
• Solar occultation observations measure lunar
atmospheric dust extinction from 0 to 50 km
Team:
• PI/PM: Dr. Tony Colaprete / ARC
• Instrument SEs: Leonid Osetinsky / ARC
and Ryan Vaughan / ARC
Participating Organizations:
• NASA/ARC
• Aurora Design & Technology
• Visioneering, LLC
LADEE: Big Science
July 20 – 23, 2010
Performance Data:
• In Limb mode measures atmospheric species
including: K, Na, Al, Si, Ca, Li, OH, H2O
• By combining long integration times, UVS
measures each specie to < current upper limits
• In limb mode measures dust (via scatter) at
concentrations as low as 10-4 per cc for r=100 nm
size particles.
• In occultation mode measures dust (via
extinction) at concentrations as low as 10-4 per cc
for r=100 nm size particles down 300 meters alt.
• 3.98 kg
• 14 W (average operation)
25
Anticipated SNR Exospheric Species
LADEE: Big Science
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Lunar Dust Experiment (LDEX)
Measurement Concept:
• LDEX is an impact ionization dust detector
• Measures the mass of individual dust
grains with m ≥ 1.7x10-16 kg (radius rg ≥ 0.3
micron) for impact speeds ≈ 1.7km/s
• Also measures the collective current due to
grains below the threshold for individual
detection, enabling the search for dust
grains with rg ≈ 0.1 micron over the
terminators
Team:
PI: Mihaly Horanyi
PM: Mark Lankton
IS: Zoltan Sternovsky
SE: David Gathright
Participating Organization:
Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space
Physics, University of Colorado
LADEE: Big Science
Performance Data/Key Science
• Characterizes the dust exosphere by
mapping size and spatial distribution of
dust grains
• Measures relative contribution of dust
sources: interplanetary vs. lunar origin.
• Mass: 3.45kg (with reserves)
• Power: 6.11W peak, 5W ops (with
reserves)
• Data: 1kb/s
Payload: 27
27
How LDEX works…
ions
electrons
LADEE: Big Science
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LDEX Dust Accelerator data
LADEE: Big Science
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LLCD Technology Demo
Objectives/Features:
•
Demonstrate laser communication between the
Earth and the LADEE spacecraft in lunar orbit.
NASA’s first step in developing high
performance laser communications systems for
future operational missions.
Demonstrate major functions
•
LLCD has three primary parts:
• Lunar Lasercom Space Terminal (LLST)
• Lunar Lasercom Ground Terminal (LLGT)
• Lunar Lasercom Operations Center (LLOC)
– High bandwidth space to ground link using an optical
terminal
– Robust pointing, acquisition, tracking
– Duplex communication day/night, full/new moon,
high/low elevation, good/bad atmospherics
– Time-of-flight measurements, as a by-product of the
duplex communication, that could be built into a
high-accuracy ranging system
LLCD Team:
Performance Data:
•
•
•
•
• Space Terminal:
•
Mission Manager: Hsiao Smith/GSFC
Principal Investigator: Don Boroson/MIT/LL
Co-Investigator: Mike Krainak/GSFC
Mission Systems Engineer: Brendan
Feehan/BAH
Financial Manager: Debbie Dodson/GSFC
–
–
–
• Ground Terminal
–
Participating Organization:
•
•
NASA/GSFC
MIT/Lincoln Laboratory (LL)
LADEE: Big Science
July 20 – 23, 2010
10 cm, 0.5W, 1.55um
40-622 Mbps xmt, 10-20 Mbps rcv
Duplex operation, fully gimbaled
–
Downlink Receiver
» 4@40cm; 40-622 Mbps
» Superconducting Nanowire Detector Arrays
Uplink Transmitter
» 4@15cm, 10W; 10-20 Mbps
• Mass: 32.8 kg (with reserves), Power: 136.5W
Payload: 30
30
LADEE Spacecraft
LADEE Common Bus Design History
MCR: 3-module, 2stage prop system
with SRM & biprop, 4
Instruments,
Launch solo on
MinV
1
Award/Kickoff: 3-module,
2-stage prop, 2 instruments,
Launch w/GRAIL
PDR:
see major
PDR: see major changes
changes
since
since KDP-B
on subsequent
slide.
KDP-B on
subsequent slide.
3
Summary: Modular feature
of S/C bus has been
adaptable to change, but at
cost of constraining mass
Summary:
Modular
margin available for PDR
feature
of S/C bus
trade space.
has been adaptable
to change.
SRR/MDR: 4-module, single-stage
bi-prop system, 4 instruments, MinV
LADEE: Big Science
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LADEE: Ames Common Bus Spacecraft
Radiator Assembly
LDEX
UVS
Bus Module
Payload Module
LLCD
NMS
Extension Modules
Propulsion Module
LADEE: Big Science
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Let’s pause for questions
from the audience
Launch Vehicle
Launch Vehicle: LADEE and Minotaur V
PAF
Stage 5
Avionics
Cylinder
LADEE: Big Science
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LADEE Launch Vehicle: A Sporty Ride!
(Minotaur IV)
LADEE: Big Science
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LADEE Launch from Wallops Flight Facility
LADEE: Big Science
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Mission Profile
LADEE Post-launch: Phasing Loops
Nominal Launch Vehicle
Insertion
60 Re
60 Re
50 Re
43 Re
6.3
days
8.0
days
10.4
days
5.25
days
Total Time of Flight: 30
Days
LADEE: Big Science
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LADEE Lunar Orbit Acquisition
Maneuver
Timing
Delta-V
Duration
LOI-1
Periselene + 2 min
(approx.)
267 m/s
197 s (3 min 17 s)
LOI-2
LOI-1 + 2 Days
296 m/s
198 s (3 min 17 s)
LOI-3
LOI-1 + 4 Days
239 m/s
146 s (2 min 26 s)
LADEE: Big Science
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Commissioning Phase
• Get science
instruments
working
• Perform LLCD
Ops
LADEE: Big Science
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Nominal Science Operations
LADEE: Big Science
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End of Mission! (Gravity always wins…)
Spacecraft and Orbit Maintenance:
• Planning key spacecraft activities
to maximize time in orbit and
science return
Science Campaign:
• Planning for high value science
opportunities at extremely low lunar
altitude
• Impact into far side terrain (avoid
legacy sites like Apollo, Luna,
Surveyor etc.)
LADEE: Big Science
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Schedule, Budget
• Launch slated for May, 2013
• Overall mission cost: $236M
• Payload: $37.4M
• Spacecraft: $74.6M
• Launch Vehicle: $63.4M
• Rest includes:
• Project mgmt, SE, S&MA, Science, PL
• Mission Ops, Ground systems, I&T, EPO
LADEE: Big Science
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LADEE: Mission of Many “Firsts”
LADEE :
• First mission with Ames “common
bus” architecture
• First flight of Minotaur V (modified
Peacekeeper ICBM w/add’l upper
stages)
• First deep space launch from
Wallops Flight Facility
• Laser communications technology
demonstration
Partners
• Ames does s/c development,
integration & test, mission operations
• GSFC is payload integrator, science
operations
• WFF is launch integrator
LADEE: Big Science
46
Let’s pause for questions
from the audience
LADEE Lunar Education
Resources bringing lunar exploration into your classroom
Brian Day – NASA Lunar Science Institute
[email protected]
Lunar Sample Educational Disk
Program
Six samples of lunar material (three
soils and three rocks) encapsulated in a
six-inch diameter clear lucite disk are
available for you to borrow and bring
into your classroom. The disk is
accompanied by written and graphic
descriptions of each sample in the disk.
Mr. Louis Parker
JSC Exhibits Manager
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
Mail Code AP
2101 NASA Parkway
Houston, Texas 77058-3696
Telephone: 281-483-8622
FAX: 281-483-4876
EMail: [email protected]
With Moon Zoo, students and members of the public can assist lunar scientists in
analyzing the high-resolution images returned by the LROC instrument aboard the
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. They perform crater counts, search for boulders, and
other interesting landforms.
•Solar radiation and particles play key roles in the production of the lunar atmosphere.
•Your students can track the development of solar storms using data from student
observations, observatories, and spacecraft.
•http://son.nasa.gov/tass/
•Your students can help interpret data from NASA’s STEREO
(Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory) spacecraft.
•http://www.solarstormwatch.com/
Impact Cratering: A major force in shaping the surface of the Moon
and a potentially important source for the lunar atmosphere.
http://quest/challenges/lcross/
Cratering the Moon
NASA can simulate cratering impacts at the
Ames Vertical Gun Range. Allows study of:
•Different impactor shapes, masses and
compositions
•Different impact velocities and angles
•Different target compositions and structures
In the Cratering the Moon activity, students
design their own lunar impact simulator.
They conduct a study to determine what role
the angle of incidence of an impact plays in
determining how effective an impactor is in
excavating material from beneath the Moon’s
surface.
Fresno Co. Juvenile Justice Campus
Student-designed lunar impact simulator
•3 teams totaling 60 students creating designs around LCROSS Impact the Moon Challenge.
•Demonstrates continues utilization of resources.
•Successfully engaging a particularly challenging student audience.
NASA Meteoroid Environment Office
Lunar Impact Monitoring Program
Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers
(ALPO) Lunar Meteoritic Impact Search Section
•Help lunar scientists determine the
rate of meteoroid impacts on the Moon.
•Meteoroid impacts are an important
source for the lunar exosphere and dust.
•Can be done with a telescope as small as
8 inches of aperture.
•It will be valuable to have as many
observations as possible of lunar
impacts during the LADEE mission.
•This will facilitate studies examining
possible correlations between changes
observed by LADEE and recorded
impact events.
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/lunar/photos.html
http://www.alpo-astronomy.org/
Meteor Counting
•The vast majority of meteoroids impacting the Moon are too small to be
observable from Earth.
•Small meteoroids encountering the Earth’s atmosphere can result in
readily-observable meteors.
•Conducting counts of meteors during the LADEE mission will allow us to
make inferences as to what is happening on the Moon at that time.
•Much more simple requirements: a dark sky, your eyes, and log sheet.
(a reclining lawn chair is very nice too!)
•International Meteor Organization (http://imo.net/)
•American Meteor Society (http://www.amsmeteors.org/)
Image credit:NASA/ISAS/Shinsuke Abe and Hajime Yano
International Observe the Moon Night (InOMN)
•World-wide celebration of the Moon and lunar science.
•Events held at NASA centers, museums, and schools.
•InOMN 2010 featured over 500 events in more than 50 countries.
•InOMN 2011 will occur on Saturday, October 8.
•NASA programming streamed to local events.
•Visit http://www.observethemoonnight.org/ to find an event near you
or to learn how to conduct your own event.
Additional Reading from NASA Science News
NASA Mission to Study the Moon's Fragile Atmosphere: Overview of the
lunar atmosphere and the LADEE mission.
http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2009/23oct_ladee/
Moon Storms: How results from from the Apollo missions provides evidence
of levitated lunar dust.
http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/07dec_moonstorms/
Moon Fountains: Describes the "fountain model" of levitating moondust.
http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/30mar_moonfountains/
Don't Breathe the Moondust: Examines the potential toxicity of lunar dust.
http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/22apr_dontinhale/
Crackling Planets: The electrostatic hazards of lunar and Martian dust.
http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/10aug_crackling/
En Route to Mars, the Moon: How learning to cope with lunar dust may help us in
future explorations of Mars.
http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/18mar_moonfirst/
Selected Online Resources
LADEE – http://www.nasa.gov/ladee
NASA Lunar Science Institute - http://lunarscience.arc.nasa.gov/
Exploring the Moon - http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/58199main_Exploring.The.Moon.pdf
Lunar and Planetary Institute - http://www.lpi.usra.edu
My Moon - http://www.lpi.usra.edu/mymoon/
Explore! - http://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/explore/
LRO - http://www.nasa.gov/lro
Solar System Exploration at JPL - http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov
Year of the Solar System - http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/yss/
Lunar Samples Program - http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/index.cfm
Moon Zoo - http://www.moonzoo.org/
Tracking a Solar Storm - http://son.nasa.gov/tass/
Solar Stormwatch - http://www.solarstormwatch.com/
LCROSS Cratering the Moon - http://quest/challenges/lcross/
Lunar Impact Monitoring - http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/lunar/photos.html
Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers (ALPO) - http://www.alpo-astronomy.org/
International Meteor Organization - http://imo.net/
American Meteor Society - http://www.amsmeteors.org/
International Observe the Moon Night - http://www.observethemoonnight.org/
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