4.3 Lisa Brown
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Transcript 4.3 Lisa Brown
Churchill Fellowship
Lisa Brown
Impact Environmental Consulting
Churchill Fellowship
Approximately 100 awarded to Australians each
year
United Kingdom, Norway, Canada and USA
Eight week study tour
Met 55 waste professionals and visited:
Processors
Commercial collection
Municipalities
Regulators
Haulers
Schools
Report available
Food Waste Diversion - It Matters!
Large proportion of waste stream
23% of all waste to landfill in NZ is organic
53% of this organic waste is food/kitchen waste
Recent audit of fourteen Councils in Sydney showed food
comprises 42.7% by weight
Role in Climate Change:
Direct emissions - 3% of Global
Indirect emissions:
Approximately 25% of TOTAL NATIONAL emissions arise from food
production and distribution;
Potential as source of renewable energy which will in turn displace
use of fossil fuels (U.K. est. up to 2% of renewable electricity may
arise from waste)
United Kingdom
Very high profile issue in UK
Gordon Brown commented on importance of
reducing food waste
Mayor of London announced ‘Foodwaste to Fuel
Alliance’ – 10 June 09
Deliver 5 new bio-fuel plants in London by 2012;
£84 million over next 3 years for waste reduction, over 1/3 is
for waste to energy projects;
BAA (8,000 tonnes – AD), Sainsbury (AD in London) and
Keystone have joined Alliance
United Kingdom
EU Directive “Council Directive on the landfill of
waste (European Union, the Council 1999) driving
diversion of organics / biodegradable waste
Mandates a stepwise reduction to:
75% of 1995 level by 16 July 2010
50% of 1995 level 16 July 2013
35% of 1995 level by 2020
United Kingdom
Tax for each tonne of biodegradable waste will be
equal to NZ$145.00 / tonne by 2010.
Level of fine the EU might impose on the UK
unknown
Central government involved:
New Technologies Demonstrator program
Private Finance Initiatives (PFI)
Approximately NZ$7,620,000 allocated
Currently forty (40) projects being investigated.
Capital costs of a new processing facilities, utilising a
‘proven’ technology is annualised - capital cost
covered by the central government.
United Kingdom
Renewable Obligation Certificates (ROCs)
Each MWh of electricity from Advanced
Conversion Technologies (AD, Gasification and
Pyrolysis) for organic component of waste
stream eligible for one ROC
Proposal for ROC eligibility for AD to double to
two ROCs and landfill gas extraction eligibility
to reduce to one quarter of one ROC
ROCs traded - in July 08 average value was AUD
$135.25
United Kingdom
WRAP
Love Food Hate Waste Program
Raise profile of food waste
One third of all food purchased is wasted
Studies into best way to collect and process
Recommend use of AD over composting
Food should be collected weekly with garbage
fortnightly
Food collected without garden organics
Draft Quality Protocol for Digestate
Norway
01 July 2009 – New Regulation prohibiting disposal of
biodegradable waste
Ban on disposal of easy degradable organic waste
introduced in 2001.
61% of the population or 2.2 million people have access to
source separated food collection. 14,000 tonnes in 02
Only 25% of population have a collection service for garden
waste
Driven by view that diverting organics from disposal is ‘low
hanging fruit’ for GHG reductions
Norway - Municipality Of Oslo
Population: 1,283,533
Proposes to introduce SSO this year
One bin with three streams
White bags for garbage, blue bags for plastic and
green bags for organics
Optically sorted
Processed in AD with biogas upgraded for use in
city buses
Will also process sewage through AD and use
biogas in city buses.
Norway Sewage Treatment Works
Commenced accepting food waste when regulations
changed to prevent food waste being fed to pigs
Feedstock:
148 cubic metres of sewage (at 1-2% dry solids);
14 cubic metres of food scraps
36 litres methanol
With introduction of food waste, biogas production increased
from 850,000 Nm3 at 60-65% to 2,100,000 Nm3
Only plant in Norway with biogas upgrading system. Gas
upgraded for use in local vehicles.
Produces 165,000 Nm3 of upgraded gas (this requires
218,000 Nm3 of raw biogas)
Toronto
510,000 Single Dwellings and 500,000 Multi Unit
Dwellings
Introduced food collection in 2002 - 2005
Driven by landfill closure
Processed in AD with digestate composted
Residents allowed to use plastic bags to wrap organics old bread bags etc
Total diversion rate from single dwellings is 59%, 15.5%
of which is food waste
Allow all organics, including nappies, kitty litter and
hair
Over 90% participation rates
Toronto
Bags ???
20%, by weight, of feedstock is plastic bags (9% of which is
water)
Bags removed in wet pretreatment system by rake after pulping
and prior to AD
Less than 0.5% plastic is left in the digestate
Composting processor has no problem with removing bags
Contamination
1.5% heavies (Knives and bones)
1.5% grit
20% bags (half of which is water)
United States
No equivalent regulation to EU Landfill
Directive
Very inexpensive landfilling
Small number of programs driven by
progressive waste managers and green
communities
Innovations
Trial to use clear plastic bags in Durham Region,
with garbage containing recycling left at kerbside.
Two AD facilities accepted commercial food waste
with packaging.
Upgrading biogas for use in vehicles.
Sewage treatment works accepting food organics.
Innovations - Offsets for
Composting
21 April 2009 the ‘Avoided Emissions from Organic
Waste Disposal’ protocol was approved by the
Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX).
Eligible projects diverting food and other organic
waste from landfill and thereby mitigating
greenhouse gas emissions will be eligible for
carbon credits or offsets under the CCX.
One dry tonne of food waste = 4.94 tonnes of CO2
At NZ$5.13/credit, Composter receives $25.35 per
tonne of dry food waste diverted.
Summary
Regulation driven in Europe and UK. Link to GHG driver.
Canada and U.S.A. grass roots - driven by Municipality or County
Provision of bench top bin and liners achieves greatest
participation
Composting has & remains most widespread processing choice
but anaerobic digestion set to grow
Optimum collection is weekly organics and fortnightly garbage
Diversion 4.5 - 5.5kg/hh/wk
Participation 40-60%, Toronto > 90%
Lisa Brown
Impact Environmental Consulting
[email protected]
0011 61 02 6583 8112