Dr Hafiz Abdullah
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Transcript Dr Hafiz Abdullah
FEEDING TO ENHANCE
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah
Dept. of Livestock Production
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore
[email protected]; 0300-6648200
Livestock Productivity
Genetics X Environment
Adequate feeding levels of a
highly nutritional diet are vital
for optimal animal performance
and well-being.
Farm-to-farm variations make it
difficult to recommend standard feed
levels:
►Animal genetics
►Environmental conditions
►Management practices
Goal of a Successful
Feeding Programme
Optimize
Feed
milk yield
costs represent largest
input cost (60-70%)
Feeding high producing cows
–– a continues challenge
Nutrient Requirements
Maintenance/Health
Growth
Milk
Production
Reproduction
Vary
with the stage of lactation
and gestation
A
ctivity
Priority of Nutrients in the Body
Maintenance
Growth
Lactation
Fetal Growth
Breeding
Body Reserve
Why
Balanced Ration ?
Selection of Concentrate Feeds
Availability
Cost
Nutrient
composition (Protein,
energy, minerals)
General Consideration
Oil
cakes / Meals
Grains
By-products
Molasses
Salt/DCP/MM
20 – 25 %
25 – 30 %
40 – 50 %
~ - 10 %
1 - 2%
FEEDING MANAGEMENT
Feeding Phases
Early
lactation—0 to 70 days
Peak DM intake
(Second 10 Weeks Postpartum)
Mid- and late lactation—140 to 305
days (declining milk production)
Dry period—60 to 14 days before
the next lactation.
Transition or close-up period—14
days before to parturition.
Events During Different Phases of Lactation
Nutrients demand
for peak milk yield
is high
Can not eat to full
capacity during
early phase
Uses body reserves
as energy source
Rapidly looses
body weight
Increasing Peak Milk Yield Improve
Lactation Performance
Milk Yield (lit/day)
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
0
4
8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
Weeks of Lactation
Phase 1 Early Lactation—0 to 70
Days Postpartum
Feed
top quality forage.
Make sure the diet contains adequate
amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.
Increase grain intake at a constant
rate after calving.
Consider adding fat
(0.5 to 0.75 kg /cow/day) to diets.
Allow constant access to feed.
Minimize stress conditions.
Phase 2 Peak DM intake
(Second 10 Weeks Postpartum)
Feed
forages and grain several
times a day.
Feed the highest quality feeds
available.
Continue to minimize stress
conditions.
Phase 3 Mid- to late lactation
(140 to 305 days postpartum)
Easiest
to manage
Milk production is declining
The cow is pregnant, and nutrient
intake will easily meet or exceed
requirements
Grain feeding should be at a level to
meet milk production requirements
Lactating cows require less feed to
replace a pound of body tissue than
dry cows.
Phase 4. Dry period
(60 to 14 days before parturition)
Observe body condition of dry cows
and adjust energy feeding as necessary.
Meet nutrient requirements and avoid
excessive feeding.
Change to a transition ration starting
2 weeks before calving.
Avoid excess calcium and phosphorus
intakes.
Limit salt to 25-30 g and limit other
sodium-based minerals in the dry cow
ration to reduce udder edema problems.
Body Condition Scores – Dairy Cows
1
2
BCS: 1
3
BCS: 2
4
BCS: 3
5
BCS: 4
BCS: 5
Feeding in Pregnancy
(Last 2 months)
1.
2.
Rapid growing foetus
Develop body reserves for use
in subsequent lactation
How;
Give rest if in milk (forced
drying)
Feed concentrate 2 kg/day +
good quality fodder, restrict
straw
Phase 5. Transition period
(14 days before to parturition)
Provide
3 to 5 kg of grain
Increase protein in the ration to
between 14 and 15 percent of the
ration DM
Limit fat in the ration to 100 g. High
fat feeding will depress DM intake
Maintain 3 to 5 kg hay in the ration
to stimulate rumination
Remove salt from the ration if
edema is a problem
Feeding Total Mixed Ration
Each
bite is nutritionally balance.
The roughage-to-concentrate can be
varied to regulate nutrient intake.
TMR regulates rumen pH and enhance
microbial protein synthesis.
Minimize feed selection.
Increase feed intake.
Less labor and feeding operations are
readily mechanized.
Daily allowance
Fodder
@ 10% of body weight ~ 40-
60 kg
Ration ~ Half of milk production
More ration during summer season
Water should be available all the
time
Mineral mixture @ 2% in the ration
Flat Rate Concentrate Feeding
Do
not starve profit out
of a good cow
Do not feed profit to a
poor cow
Suggestions
Select & mix different ingredients on
protein basis for making concentrate
mixture)
Always add minerals especially take
care of Calcium & Phosphorus ratio in
the rations
Plan your feeding program to raise the
peak milk yield
Never restrict feed & water soon after
parturition
Suggestions
Avoid
large fluctuation in green
fodder supply through silage making
Make best use of local feeds with
relevant supplementation &
conservation
Improve feeding value of straw
through urea treatment for fodder
scarcity period
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