Chapter 17 Parasites Dr. Dipa Brahmbhatt VMD, MPH, MS

Objectives

• • • • ID Common endoparasites in small ruminants Clinical signs associated with parasites Diagnosis Treatments

Reading Assignment

Chapter 17: Common Ovine and Caprine Diseases Know table 17 -3: Parasites

Key terms

• • • • • • • Fecal flotation ELISA Baerman technique Skin scrapings Pre patent period Direct life cycle Indirect lifecycle

Figure 6-61

Baermann apparatus is used to recover larvae of roundworms from feces, soil, or animal tissues. This apparatus is most useful in recovering larvae of lungworms.

(Reprinted from Hendrix CM, Robinson E:

Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians,

ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

Abomasum

Family: Trichostrongyloidea

Haemonchus Contortus

• Haemonchus contortus – barberpole worm/ wire worm

PPP: 17 – 21 days

– 1” (25 mm) – Abomasum of small ruminants

Male bursa RIght

– feeds on blood – Clinical signs • anemia, bottle jaw, chronic weight loss • death

Clinical signs Haemonchus

•

‘bottle jaw’: hypoproteinemia and anemia.

•

usually late winter.

Figure 6-34

Characteristic trichostrongyle-type ova of the bovine trichostrongyles. These oval, thin-shelled eggs contain four or more cells. They measure 70 to 120 µm long. Some of these ova can be identified by their respective genus; however, identification is usually difficult because mixed infections are common.

(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E:

Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians,

ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

Adults in the abomasum.

Barberpole worm

TX: Levimasole, ivermectin, doramectin, Moxidectin, albendazole, morantel tartate, eprinomectin, tetramisole

Ostertagia ostertagi

• Ostertagia ostertagi (brown stomach worm) – 1/2” (10 mm) adult worm; abomasum – most serious impact on calves – disrupt gastric acid secretion – Clinical signs • diarrhea • ill‐thrift • poor feed conversion

Male bursa left PPP: 16 – 23 days

Ostertagia ostertagi

TX: Fenbendazole, ivermectin, doramectin, morantel tartate, moxidectin

Trichostrongylus axei

•

Trichostrongylus axei

– “Bankrupt worm” – Small stomach worm – Adults ~1/4” (4‐8 mm); abomasum – Clinical signs – Diarrhea – dehydration – bottle jaw – emaciation

TX: Fenbendazole, ivermectin, doramectin, Moxidectin, albendazole, morantel tartate, eprinomectin PPP: 21 days

Small Intestine

Nematodirus

•

Nematodirus spp.

– “Thin necked intestinal worms” – N. battus is more pathogenic – SI – Diarrhea, Anorexia

TX: Fenbendazole, albendazole, ivermectin, Moxidectin, albendazole, morantel tartate, levamisole B = typical strongyle egg PPP: 14 - 21 days

Figure 6-35

Characteristic large ova of

Nematodirus

species. In standard fecal flotation, the eggs of

Nematodirus

species are larger than those of other bovine trichostrongyles (150 to 230 µm by 80 to 100 µm), have tapering ends, and have four to eight cells.

(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E:

Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians,

ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

Strongyloides papillosus

• • • • • Family: Rhabditodea Threadworm CS: foot rot, diarrhea TX: eprinomectin, ivermectin

ZOONOTIC PPP: 1 – 2 weeks

Trichostrongylus Colubriformis

• • • • Hair worm, black scour worm CS: diarrhea, +/ bottlejaw, dec. weight gain, PPP: 21 days

ZOONOTIC TX: Fenbendazole, doramectin, Moxidectin, morantel tartate, eprinomectin

Figure 6-36

Characteristic ova of diameter. The eggs of

Moniezia Moniezia benedini

species. The eggs of

Moniezia expansa

are square or cuboidal and approximately 75 are triangular or pyramidal and 56 to 67 µm in diameter.

µm in (From Hendrix CM, Robinson E:

Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians,

ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

Cooperia spp.

• • • •

Cooperia punctata or pectinata

Cattle bankrupt worm CS: decreased growth and anorexia PPP: 21 days

TX: Fenbendazole, Levimasole, ivermectin, doramectin, Moxidectin, albendazole, morantel tartate, eprinomectin

Bunostomum trigonocephalum

• Trichostrongloidea –

Bunostomum trigonocephalum:

– hookworms – Larger than strongyle eggs – Diarrhea, anemia, weight loss, death – young animals – PPP: 2 months Courtesy of Dr. Dietrich Barth, Merial

TX: Fenbendazole, ivermectin, doramectin, Moxidectin, eprinomectin

Monieza expansa

• • • CESTODES –

Monieza expansa

Not very pathogenic PPP: 40 days

TX: Fenbendazole, albendazole, dichlorophen, lead, arsenate, niclosamide Moniezia expansa,egg. Courtesy of Merial

Cecum and Colon

Oesphagostomum columbianum

–

Strongylidae

•

Oesphagostomum columbianum:

nodular worm

• cecum, colon • anorexia; severe, constant, dark, persistent, fetid diarrhea with fly strike; weight loss; and death • Adults: cysts in GI • PPP: 40 days

Oesphagostomum columbianum

TX: Albendazole, Eprinomectrin, Moxidectin, Doramectin, albendazole, morantel tartate, levamisole

Oesophagostomum gross lesions (nodules), abomasum, sheep. Courtesy of Dr. Raffaele Roncalli

Chabertia ovina

• • • Large bowel worm CS: anemia PPP: 2 months

TX: Albendazole, Fenbendazole, ivermectin

Trichuris ovis

• • • Whipworm CS: hemorrhage – cecum with fatal infections PPP: 2 months

TX: Eprinomectin, Fenbendazole, ivermectin

Lung worms

Dictyocaulus filaria

• • • • Lungworm CS: cough, cyanosis, dyspnea PPP: 28 days Baerman technique

TX: Ivermectin, Eprinomectrin, Moxidectin, Doramectin, fenbendazole, levamisole

Figure 6-38

Representative eggs and larvae of

Dictyocaulus

species, or cattle lungworms.

(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E:

Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians,

ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

Protostrongylus

• • • • • • •

Protostrongylus rufescens, P. rushi, P. stilesi

Bighorn sheep lungworm Transmission: transplacental, snails CS: predisposes to pneumonia PPP: 35 days DX: Fecal baerman Flukes: liver and bile TX: ivermectin, albendazole, fenbendazole

Muellerius capillaris

• • • • Goat lungworms May predispose to pneumonia Baerman techniique snail TX: ivermectin, albendazole, fenbendazole

Figure 6-39

First-stage larva of

Muellerius capillaris,

the “hair lungworm” of sheep and goats. First-stage larvae are 230 to 300 µm long. The larval tail has an undulating tip and a dorsal spine.

(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E:

Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians,

ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

Liver

Fasciola hepatica

ZOONOTIC

• •

Fasciola hepatica Liver flukes

– Live in bile ducts as adults – Aquatic snails = intermediate host • – CS: anemia, weight loss, decreased performance, hepatitis, death PPP: 10 – 12 weeks –Eggs: are heavy sedimentation is recommended TX: Clorsulon, nitroxynil, rafoxanide

Figure 6-37

Characteristic operculated ovum of

Fasciola hepatica,

measure 140 by 100 µm and are yellowish-brown and oval.

the liver fluke of cattle, sheep, and other ruminants. The eggs (From Hendrix CM, Robinson E:

Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians,

ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

Thysanosoma actinoides

• • • • • • • Fringed tapeworm Sheep CS: weight loss Liver condemned PPP: 30 days Dx: proglottids – feces Tx: Fenbendazole and albendazole

ID necropsy

• • • • Taenia hydatigena Echinoccocus granulosus Taenia ovis Taenia multiceps

References

• • • • • • • Large animal clinical procedures for veterinary technicians, Elizabeth A. Hanie, 2006 http://www.caes.uga.edu/publications/pubDetail.cfm?pk_ID= 6196 http://courses.cals.uidaho.edu/avs/avs471/Lectures/Lectures %202010/Lecture%20Parasites%20notes.pdf

http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/dxendopar/parasitepages/t rematodes/Fhepatica.htm

l http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/dxendopar/index.html#feca http://www.sheepandgoat.com/HairSheepWorkshop/parasiti sm.html

http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/merial/Nematodes/Table1.

htm

References

• • • • • • • http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/pbs/vetpara/tutorial2.html

http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/ bc/toc_22400.htm

http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/jcfox/htdocs/clinpara/lst4 1_50.htm

http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/jcfox/htdocs/clinpara/lect ure.htm

http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/merial/index.html

Laboratory procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 5 th 2007, Hendrix C.M; Sirois M.

edition, K Holtgrew-Bohling , Large Animal Clinical Procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 2nd Edition, Mosby, 2012, ISBN: 97803223077323

References

• • http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/17/7/10 1519-f1.htm

http://www.extension.org/pages/19680/goat other-parasites