Cell Structure and Function

Animal Cell Plant Cell http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cells/identify3.html

http://www.sciencegeek.net/Biology/review/Sem1Review.htm

           

Cell Cell Theory Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm Cytosol Nucleus Prokaryote Eukaryote Organelle Tissue Organ Organ System

A. Group of tissues working together B. Cell with no nucleus C. Group of cells working together D. Control center of a cell E. Cell with a nucleus F. Smallest unit of life G. Group of organs working together H. Everything inside a cell except the nucleus I. The fluid part of the cytoplasm J. Surrounds a cell K. Our current understanding of cells L. Small cell part with a special job to do

           

Cell Cell Theory Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm Cytosol Nucleus Prokaryote Eukaryote Organelle Tissue Organ Organ System L C A G F K J H I D B E



Cell

—smallest unit of life  All living things are made of

one or many cells

http://www.bewellbuzz.com/general/the-truth-about-cancer-cells/ http://www.ringophone.com/results.asp?searchfield=animals&index=0&type=color



Robert Hooke

     1665 English scientist First person to see cells Studied thin slices of

cork

Called them

cells

http://www.edu365.cat/aulanet/comsoc/persones_tecniques/Robert_Hooke.htm

Never realized that cells were living things http://askabiologist.asu.edu/content/robert-hooke



Anton van Leeuwenhoek

   First person to observe living cells in 1673 Called these living cells, “

animalcules

” Known as the “

Father of Microbiology

” http://www.vanleeuwenhoek.com/His-Microscopic-World.htm

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/leeuwen/leeuwmicro.gif

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/leeuwenhoek.html



Matthias Schleiden

(1838)— German botanist: stated all

plants

are made of cells.

http://www.merke.ch/biografien/biologen/schleiden.php



Theodor Schwann

(1839)— German zoologist: stated that all

animals

are made of cells http://www.nndb.com/people/357/000096069/



Rudolf Virchow

other cells.

(1855)— German physician: stated that cells come only from

http://clendening.kumc.edu/dc/rv/

 The work of these men led to the development of the

cell theory

.

 Three parts:    All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.

Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism.

Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells.

 Cells vary in

shape

their functions.

 Examples: and

size

according to

Nerve cells are long with extensions for carrying impulses.

Red blood cells are microscopic and round for carrying oxygen.

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/08705a.jpg

http://www.sciencequiz.net/jcscience/jcbiology/circulatorysystem/red_blood_cells.jpg

 Most cells are

microscopic

.

 Size is limited by the

surface area-to-volume ratio

 Small cells can exchange substances faster than large cells because small objects have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio.

SA = 6s 2 V = s*s*s http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/B/cell_components/4.3%20Effect%20of%20cell%20size%20on%20s.JPG



Prokaryotes

—cells

without a nucleus

or membrane-bound organelles  Include bacteria and archaebacteria 

Eukaryotes

—cells

with a nucleus

and membrane-bound organelles  Include cells from plants, animals, fungi and protists http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cells/common.html

 Features common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells include:  

DNA

—genetic material located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the nucleoid region of prokaryotic cells

Plasma Membrane

—outer boundary of cell  

Cytoplasm

—all the material inside the plasma membrane, (not including the nucleoid region or nucleus). It includes a fluid part called the cytosol and many organelles and other particules floating in it.

Ribosomes

—site of protein synthesis http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cells/common.html



Unicellular

—organism exists as a single cell living independently of other cells 

Colonies

—groups of identical cells that live together in a connected group. Cellular activities are not coordinated.



Multicellular

—specialized cells live together and become unable to survive independently.

 Organized as follows:

Cells Tissues Organ Organ System Organism

              

Phospholipid bilayer Chromosome Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Ribosome Mitochondrion Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosome Cytoskeleton Microtubule Microfilament Cilium Flagellum Centriole

A. Powerhouse of the cell B. Site of protein synthesis C. Contains digestive enzymes D. Surrounds the nucleus E. Transports proteins and lipids F. Structures made of DNA and proteins G. Surrounds the outside of a cell H. Plays a role in mitosis I. Tail-like structures/ help cells to move J. Hair-like structures/help cells to move K. Inside the nucleus/ make RNA L. Help to shape and support a cell M. Larger structures of the cytoskeleton N. Smaller structures of the cytoskeleton O. Package proteins and lipids

              

Phospholipid bilayer Chromosome Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Ribosome Mitochondrion Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosome Cytoskeleton Microtubule Microfilament Cilium Flagellum Centriole C L M N J I H G F D K B A E O



Plasma membrane

    Surrounds the cell: Controls what gets in and out Allows cell to interact with its environment Made of a double layer called the

phospholipid bilayer

Described as a to side.

fluid mosaic

—acts more like a liquid than a solid because proteins and lipids can move side

 

Phospholipids

fatty acids have a polar, hydrophilic head and two nonpolar, hydrophobic tails made of

Sterols

, like cholesterol, can be found between the fatty acid tails to provide firmness and prevent freezing Note:

Hydrophilic = water loving Hydrophobic = water fearing

http://www.hcc.bcu.ac.uk/physiology/phospholipid02.gif

http://annadennis.wikispaces.com/file/view/phospholipid_bilayer.gif/91874047/phospholipid_bilayer.gif

Several types of

integral proteins

are embedded in the plasma membrane:

Transport Proteins

—moves substances across the membrane

Receptor Proteins

—recognize and bind to substances outside the cell

Recognition Proteins

—glycoproteins with carbohydrate chains that act as cell-surface markers and identify the cell type http://golfcourse.mnmsa.org/my_files/hole1and12.jpg



Cytoplasm

—all the material inside the plasma membrane (except the nucleus)  Includes:   

Cytosol

—fluid part in which the ribosomes and molecules float (20% protein)

Cytoskeleton

—series of

microtubules

and

microfilaments

(

Centrioles

that crisscross each other. They give shape and form to the cell and help organelles to move within the cell. : special microtubules that appear during cell division)

Organelles

(except the nucleus)—tiny structures in the cell: each has its own job to do.

     

Control center

of the cell Filled with a jellylike substance called

nucleoplasm

Contains DNA in the form of

chromatin

or

chromosomes

Surrounded by a nuclear envelope made of two phospholipid bilayers.

Envelope has many RNA messages

pores

which act as passageways for Contain a dense area called the

nucleolus

which helps to make RNA

    

Powerhouse

of the cell Site of cellular respiration in which energy is transferred from organic molecules (glucose) to ATP Active cells like muscle cells have 1000 or more mitochondria Surrounded by a double phospholipid membrane Inner folds called where the energy reactions take place.

cristae

is http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Mitochondria

http://www.darkgovernment.com/news/military-researches-anti-aging/ 

Mitochondrial DNA

—DNA found inside the mitochondria. It allows mitochondria to reproduce by dividing  Scientists believe mitochondria originated from prokaryotic cells that invaded eukaryotic cells and formed a symbiotic relationship   Prokaryotic cells gained protection Eukaryotic cells got more ATP for energy



Protein factories

of the cell  Do not have a membrane  Consist of two subunits made of protein and RNA  Some float free in cytosol  Others are attached to the ER http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_ribos.html



Transportation system

of the cell  Long, folded tubes called

cisternae

allow molecules to move throughout the cell.

 Two types:   

Rough ER

—has ribosomes attached

Smooth ER

—no ribosomes are attached Each has a different function

  

Packaging center

of the cell Consists of stacks of membranes that receive proteins and lipids Each layer modifies and packages the proteins and lipids so they can be sent elsewhere http://creationrevolution.com/wp content/uploads/2010/11/Golgi-Apparatus and-ER.jpg

  

Transport vehicles

—”Cellular submarines” Tiny sacs that transport various contents Classified according to their contents http://www.biology4kids.com/files/art/cell_lysosome2.gif

   

Lysosomes

—made by the golgi: they contain digestive enzymes: these enzymes break down:  Dead cells (

autolysis

)     Worn-out cell parts (

autophagy

) Large molecules Glycogen in the liver to release glucose into the blood Bacteria (lysosomes in WBC)

Peroxisomes

—not made by the golgi: found in liver and kidney cells:  Detoxify alcohol and drugs  Break down fatty acid  Produce hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )

Glyoxysomes

—found in seeds: break down stored food

Endosomes

—food vacuoles created after endocytosis

The diagram below summarizes some of the functions of vesicles http://www.bothbrainsandbeauty.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/endomembranesystem.png

http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/EukaryoticCellStructure.htm

 Plant cells have all of the same structures as animal cells plus a few more:   

Cell Wall

—rigid layer outside the plasma membrane: made of cellulose

Central Vacuole

—large sac that stores water, enzymes, wastes and other materials: provides support for plants when full

Plastids

—organelles that contain their own DNA: three types: 

Chloroplasts

—contain chlorophyll: site of photosynthesis 

Chromoplasts

—contain colorful pigments (carrots, flowers, etc) 

Amyloplasts

—store starch

http://www.harlem-school.com/5TH/sci_pdf/graphics/plant_cell.gif

http://gmgmesjwk.pbworks.com/f/ksjakja.bmp

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