Advocacy - Utah State University Extension
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Transcript Advocacy - Utah State University Extension
Examples of Famous Experiments
What Can WE Learn from THEM?
Where Did They Get Their Research
Question?
Zimbardo
Ash
Milgram
Examples – Famous Experiments
Where Did They Get Their Research Question?
Ash
Research on Conformity
Holocaust
Milgram
Research on Obedience To Authority
Holocaust
Zimbardo
Research on Social Roles
Holocaust
Examples of Famous Experiments
Zimbardo’s Experiment
– Quasi Field Experiment
– Examples - need for IRB
Milgram’s Experiment
– Single Shot – One Shot Design
– Intervention – Post Test
X-----Y
– Example – need for IRB
Ash’s Experiment
– Classical Design
– Pre-test -----Intervention-----Post-test
Y----X-----Y
Zimbardo’s Quasi Field
Experiment
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Zimbardo’s Quasi Field
Experiment
Independent Variable
– Social Role - Position of Power
Dependent Variable
– Behavior of Participants
How does a person’s social role influence their
behavior toward others??
Zimbardo
Prisoners Dilemma
Guards and Prisonners in Prison Setting
Sample Technique
Convenience Sample
Recruited 75 volunteers
Selected most stable 21
Random Assignment
Divided into Guards and Prisoners (11 and 10)
Data Collection
Quasi or Field Experiment
Put respondents in simulated prison situations
Turned Guards loose for two week
Observed interactions
Zimbardo
Prisoners Dilemma
Guards and Prisoners in Prison Setting
Results
1/3 Guards demanded degrading behavior
1/3 Guards were fair but tough
1/3 Guards were kind – but didn’t help with other guards
Initially Prisoner rebelled
Prisoners became demoralized
Experiment was ended in 6 days
Quasi Field Experiment
Milgram’s Experiment
Independent Variable
– Concept – Authority Figure’s Power
– Indicator – Presence of Authority Figure
Varied proximity to authority figure
Dependent Variable
– Concept – Conformity to Authority
– Indicator – Whether or not they would follow
authority figure’s directions to shock others
These Two Experiments Are Also Famous for Another
REASON
Violation of Human Subjects Rights
IRB – Institutional Review Board
Purpose
Protect the Right of Human Subjects
When Research is Being Done
Protect
VULNERABLE populations
Motivation
Holocaust
IRB – Institutional Review Board
Purpose
Protect the Right of Human Subjects
When Research is Being Done
Protect
VULNERABLE populations
Motivation
Holocaust
Tuskegee Experiment
IRB – Institutional Review Board
Requirements Established by Board
– Possible Benefits MUST Exceed Possible Harm
For respondents
– Minimize Harm
IRB – Institutional Review Board
Requirements Established by Board
– Cost/Benefits Analysis
Social Harm
Physical Harm
Psychological Harm
Examples of HARM
Physical Harm
– Tuskegee Experiment
Psychological Harm (Emotional Trauma)
– Milgram Experiment
– Zimbardo’s Experiment
Social Harm (Reputation/Good Name)
– Release Zimbardo’s Tape??
Asch’s Experiment
Example of Classical Design
– Most Common Type of Experiment
– Has Experimental Group
– Has Control Group
Classical Design
Pretest
– Concept – group conformity (Y)
– Indicator – whether or not subject would report right
line or go along with group
Intervention
– Concept – group pressure (X)
– Indicator – confederates stating wrong line
Post Test
– Same as Pre-test (Y again)
Used a Control Group
Classical Experimental Design
Two Stage Sample
– Convenience
– Random Assignment into Experimental/Control
Experimental Procedure
Experimental Group
Control Group
Pre-test
Intervention
Post-test
Y
Y
X
Y
Y
Classical Experimental Design
Type of Hypothesis
– Research Question should be stated as a “difference” hypothesis
How does the experimental group differ from the control
group on second measurement of Y
Classical Experimental Design
Major Advantage
– Can Establish causal relationship
X and Y are related
– There is a difference between the experimental and
control groups
– There is a relationship between score on second Y and
group membership
X comes before Y in TIME
– The difference in Y came after the introduction of X
There is no Z variable
– Random assignment – groups are alike except for
exposure to X
Classical Experimental Design
CAUTION
You have only established the impact of X on Y in
a laboratory setting. You don’t know if X will have same
impact on Y in the “real world”.
ANOTHER Modification of
Experimental Design
Solomon Four Group Design
Advantages
Does Pre-test have impact on Post-test?
IF you take the SAT a second
time, will having taken the test,
impact score the second time?
Disadvantages
Takes more Time
Takes more Money
Contact Information
Dr. Carol Albrecht
Assessment Specialist
Utah State Extension
979-777-2421
[email protected]