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Essentials of Medical Language, 2e

Allan, Lockyer

McGraw-Hill

The Anatomy of Word Construction:

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Roots and Combining Vowels

• All medical terms have one or more roots. • The root provides the meaning of the word.

• Example: – The word pneumonia has the root

pneumon-,

meaning

lung

air.

Roots and Combining Vowels

• Roots are often joined to other elements of a medical term by placing a combining vowel on the end of the root.

• A root plus a combining vowel creates a combining form.

McGraw-Hill • Example: pneum + o

pneum/o

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Keynote

• Throughout this textbook, the combining vowel will be separated from the root by a slash (/) whenever the term is being analyzed.

• Example:

respir/a

Combining Forms

pneum -o pneum/o

root combining combining vowel form McGraw-Hill

pulmon -o pulmon/o

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Keynote

Different roots can have the same meaning. Pulmon- and pneumon- both mean

lung.

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Suffix

• A suffix is an element added to the end of a root or combining form to give it a new meaning.

• If the suffix begins with a consonant, it must follow a combining vowel.

• If the suffix begins with a vowel, no combining vowel is needed.

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Suffix

pulmon –ary

root + suffix = pulmonary,

pertaining to the lung

pulmon/o –logy

root + combining vowel + suffix = pulmonology,

study of the lung

–ia

Suffix

a condition of pneumonia,

a condition

(infection)

the lung McGraw-Hill

–ation

a process respiration,

a process of

breathing.

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Prefix

• A prefix is an element added to the beginning of a root or combining form to continue to expand the meaning of medical terms.

• Prefixes never require a combining vowel.

• Not every term has a prefix.

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Prefix

pre– mature

prefix + root = premature,

before the normal pregnancy

post– mature

prefix + root = postmature,

after the normal pregnancy

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Prefix

uni–

unilateral,

one

side of the body

bi–

bilateral,

two

Prefix

peri–

perinatal,

around

the time of birth

epi–

epigastric,

above

the stomach McGraw-Hill

hypo–

hypogastric,

below

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Prefix

micro–

microcyte,

small

red blood cell

macro–

macrocyte,

large

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Element Review

• Identify the prefixes and suffixes of the following word: –

perinatal

Element Review

• Identify the prefixes and suffixes of the following word: –

hypogastric

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The Anatomy of Word Construction

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Word Deconstruction

• When you see an unfamiliar medical term, first identify the suffix.

For example: – cardiologist The suffix is -

logist

one who studies and is a specialist in.

Cardi/o

is the combining form for

heart

Word Deconstruction

• Use deconstruction to determine the meaning of the following word: – myocardial McGraw-Hill The suffix is -

, pertaining to; my/o is the combining form for

muscle;

and the root

cardi

means

heart.

Element Review

• Identify the elements of the following word: –

cardiomyopathy

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Pronunciations

• Correct pronunciation of medical terms is essential so that other health professionals can understand what you are saying.

• It is a most important component in ensuring patient safety and providing high-quality patient care.

Pronunciations

• Some words that are pronounced the same are spelled differently and have different meanings.

For example: Both

ilium

and

ileum

are pronounced

ILL

-ee-um. McGraw-Hill The ilium is a bone in the pelvis The ileum is a segment of the small intestine.

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Pronunciations

• Some words sound the same if incorrectly pronounced.

For example: The term prostate, pronounced

PROSS

-tate, refers to the gland at the base of the male bladder.

The term

prostrate,

pronounced

pross-TRAYT

means to be physically weak or exhausted or to lie flat on the ground.

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Plurals

• Plural endings for medical terms do not simply involve adding an “s.” • Plural endings must be memorized.

Plural Examples

• Refer to Table 1.1 of the text, page 12. McGraw-Hill Singular Ending Plural Ending Examples -a -ae axilla -is -es axillae diagnosis diagnoses 1-26 Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Keynote

•

Many words, when they are written or pronounced, have an element that if misspelled or mispronounced gives the intended word an entirely different meaning.

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Keynote

• Consider the case of confusing

hypotension

(low blood pressure) with

hypertension

(high blood pressure)

A treatment response to the different meaning could cause a medical error and perhaps the death of a patient.

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Keynote

•

Precision in written and verbal communication is essential to prevent errors in patient care.

Final Word

• Being a health professional requires the utmost attention to detail and precision in both written documentation and verbal communication. A patient’s life can be in your hands. • Any incorrect spelling can reflect badly on the whole health team. McGraw-Hill • Any incorrect pronunciation and spelling can reflect badly on you as a health professional.

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Final Word

• Roots provide the core meaning of medical terms.

• Roots are often joined to other elements in the medical term by placing a combining vowel on the end of the root.

• Adding a suffix or a prefix to a root can build new words with different meanings.

• Precision in communication is vitally important.