Transcript STRAT_ solar energy

An inclusive peer-to-peer approach to involve EU CONURBations and wide
areas in participating to the CovenANT of Mayors
"Local energy production:
Solar thermal energy and Photovoltaic solar energy"
Panos Antoniades
Technical Director – Stratagem Energy Ltd
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Solar Energy
Why are we interested in using solar energy?
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Solar Energy
Sunlight provides the energy source that powers the Earth’s climate and
ecosystem.
Harnessing this energy for hot water and electrical power could provide a
renewable, low carbon energy source, and presents an attractive way of
mitigating climate change.
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Solar Energy
How can we use solar energy?
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Solar Energy
We can use solar energy to produce Energy as below
•
Solar Thermal Energy - to provide heat
• Photovoltaic Energy - to generate electricity
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Solar Thermal Energy
Solar thermal electric energy generation concentrates the light from the sun
to create heat, and that heat is used to run a heat engine, which turns a
generator to make electricity.
The working fluid that is heated by the concentrated sunlight can be a liquid
or a gas. Different working fluids include water, oil, salts, air, nitrogen, helium,
etc. Different engine types include steam engines, gas turbines, Stirling
engines, etc.
All of these engines can be quite efficient, often between 30% and 40%, and
are capable of producing 10's to 100's of megawatts of power.
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Photovoltaics (PV) Technology
Photovoltaics (PV) is a method of generating electrical power by converting
solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit
the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels
composed of a number of solar cells containing a photovoltaic material.
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Photovoltaics (PV) Technology
In the world of photovoltaic (PV) solar power, there are several types of
semiconductor technologies currently in use for PV solar panels. Two,
however, have become the most widely adopted:
Crystalline Silicon
Thin Film
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Crystalline silicon
Crystalline silicon panels are constructed by first putting a single slice of
silicon through a series of processing steps,creating one solar cell.
These cells are then assembled together in multiples to make a solar
panel. Crystalline silicon, also called wafer silicon, is the oldest and the
most widely used material in commercial solar panels.
There are two main types of crystalline silicon panels:
Monocrystalline Silicon
Multicrystalline Silicon
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Thin film
Thin film solar panels are made by placing thin layers of semiconductor
material onto various surfaces, usually on glass. The term thin film refers to
the amount of semiconductor material used. It is applied in a thin film to a
surface structure,such as a sheet of glass. Contrary to popular belief, most
thin film panels are not flexible. Overall, thin film solar panels offer the lowest
manufacturing costs, and are becoming more prevalent in the industry.
There are three main types of thin film used:
•
Cadmium Telluride (CdTe)
•
Amorphous Silicon
•
Copper, Indium, Gallium,Selenide (CIGS)
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Planning a PV project
Building-up a large-scale photovoltaic installation requires several steps and
preliminary surveys in order to confirm the reliability of the project. Each
phase is essential and it takes around 6 months to achieve the project.
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Project Overview
PHASES
PHASE 1: PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY
PHASE 2: PV SYSTEM DESIGN
PHASE 3: BUSINESS PLAN
PHASE 4: PERMISSION PLANNING
PHASE 5: SELECTION OF SYSTEM / SUPPLIER
PHASE 6: SYSTEM INSTALLATION
PHASE 7: MANAGEMENT OF THE INSTALLATION
PHASE 8: END-LIFE OF THE INSTALLATION
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PHASE 1: PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY
That’s the first step of the project. When the decision is made to invest in a
photovoltaic system, it is required to collect all the useful information in order
to identify the interest and the feasibility of the project.
A- Site selection
One of the great advantages of solar photovoltaic is the simplicity of its
installation, and a certified installer will do most of the work for you.
However, essential criteria are required:
-Orientation: Ideally, the surface should be south facing at a 30-40° angle.
Most farm and industrial building roofs are not at this angle, but the
mounting system can be adjusted to provide the output needed.
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PHASE 1: PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY
-Location: Avoid shade, although solar systems do not need direct sunlight to
generate electricity, they will work much better the more they receive. The
South of England is best suited because it is generally sunnier, but most parts
of England have sufficient daylight to make it viable.
-Presence of grid utility to feed the electricity network authority. The
production of electricity will be sold to the national grid. Suitable electrical
installation must be close the installation and meet local utility
interconnection requirements.
- The photovoltaic system size depends on the project budget, the size of the
roof (for roof mounted systems) or the land (for ground mounted systems)
and on the type of solar modules used.
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PHASE 1: PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY
B- Collect of information and technical surveys
Before moving forward in the project, two things to do:
- Collect the useful information: geographical position, building or land
dimensions, sun irradiation, cadastre, maps, pictures, etc.
- Topographical, building structure and environmental impact surveys
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.
PHASE 2: PV SYSTEM DESIGN
The photovoltaic installation design is done by an renewable energy
consultancy specialized in photovoltaic system design and able to provide the
most appropriate system based on the following criteria:
-Sunlight and weather resistant materials for all outdoor equipment.-Array
location to minimize shading from foliage, vent pipes, and adjacent structures.System design in compliance with all applicable building and electrical codes.System design with a minimum of electrical losses due to wiring, fuses,
switches, and inverters.-System design meets local utility interconnection
requirements. -Roof area or other installation site is capable of handling the
desired system size.
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PHASE 2: PV SYSTEM DESIGN
A- Estimating system output
PV systems produce power in proportion to the intensity of sunlight striking the
solar array surface. The intensity of light on a surface varies throughout a day,
as well as day to day, so the actual output of a solar power system can vary
substantial. There are other factors that affect the output of a solar power
system. These factors need to be understood so that the Municipality has
realistic expectations of overall system output and economic benefits under
variable weather conditions over time.
-Calculate your roof size to determine the maximum size of your PV system
-Analyze the orientation of your roof, incline and shading to determine how much
sunlight your system is able to capture and if your system operates near its
rated efficiency
-Solar radiation of your geographical region
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PHASE 2: PV SYSTEM DESIGN
B- Select the mounting system
A wide range covering all possible scenarios of photovoltaic installation,
from the building integration to the PV plant on ground.
Ground mounting system On roof mounting system
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BIPV
PHASE 2: PV SYSTEM DESIGN
- Roof mount is often the most convenient and appropriate place to put the PV
array is on the roof of the building. The PV array may be mounted above and
parallel to the roof surface with a standoff of several inches for cooling
purposes. Sometimes, such as with flat roofs, a separate structure with a more
optimal tilt angle is mounted on the roof.
- Ground mounted solution that can be used in almost all kinds of situations,
from residential to large commercial, right through to utility scale.
- Building-Integrated PV Array (BIPV) is another type of system allows easy
integration of framed photovoltaic modules into the roofs of buildings, old and
new, whatever the existing structure. This smart and innovative system has
been developed to be a versatile integrated solution.
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PHASE 3: BUSINESS PLAN
A- Feed-in-tariff
At this step of the project, it is valued the profitability according to the
electricity production forecast on 25 years running of the PV installation
considering the total investment.
Feed In Tariff rewards solar PV up to 5MW capacity. The FIT is
designed to enable a Return on Investment (ROI) of 5-10 per cent each
year for well-sited PV installations.
Scale
Generation tariff
Export tariff
Tariff life time
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
4kW (new building)
36.1
36.1
33
3
25
4kW (retrofit)
41.3
41.3
37.8
3
25
4-10kW
36.1
36.1
33
3
25
10-100kW
31.4
31.4
28.7
3
25
100kW-5MW
29.3
29.3
26.8
3
25
Stand-alone system
29.3
29.3
26.8
3
25
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PHASE 3: BUSINESS PLAN
B- What to consider for solar PV finance:
- Generation Tariff: the price your energy supplier gives you for every
unit of electricity produced, irrespective of whether you use it or export
it.
- Export Tariff: a minimum of 3p/kWh for all electricity exported to the
Grid, this can be more depending on supplier and if you enter into a
power purchase agreement. As an interim measure, payment of export
tariffs to generators of 30kW or less will be made on the basis of
deemed or estimated exports. The amount of electricity deemed to be
exported for solar PV generators will be 50 per cent – as a proportion of
the metered generation output. (This will not apply if export meters are
fitted).
- Lower bills: account for the reduction in your energy bills if you use
your own power.
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PHASE 3: BUSINESS PLAN
B- What to consider for solar PV finance:
- Index linked: tariffs are linked to the Retail Price Index for electricity
meaning your tariff will keep pace with inflation.
- Tariff digression: the earlier you invest in renewable technologies, the
greater the financial benefits. After 2012 the tariffs start to reduce,
owing to the projected expansion of the PV market (up to 250MW of
new solar capacity by 2011, compared to 22MW in 2009) which is
expected to lead to lower technology costs.
- Capital grants: the scheme generally prohibits recipients of grants
from receiving FITs as this would mean they get a double benefit.
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PHASE 4: PERMISSION PLANNING
A- Documentation
-Permission to install is dependent on the view of the local planning
authority that will make a decision based on the views of the local
planning committee.
-Environmental Impact Assessment: an EIA would be required for an
installation.
-Planning permission: A Planning Application will need to be submitted
with necessary supporting documents.
-Planning decision: local Authority validates application and requests
any missing documents Recommendation to Committee if not
delegated and/or recommendation
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PHASE 4: PERMISSION PLANNING
B- Support scheme
Check if installations above X kWp , must be registered on Support
structures process before an application is made to an Electricity
Supplier.
All suppliers with more than 50k domestic customers must offer FITs,
smaller suppliers can volunteer to do so. A list of Licensees can be
found on the Ofgem website. A generator can assign their right to FITs
payments to a third party (nominated recipient) by way of bilateral
agreement.
C- Grid connection permit
The connection of the solar PV system requires any grid connection
point will need to be completed based on regulations
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PHASE 5: SELECTION OF SYSTEM / SUPPLIER
A- Components of a PV system
The main components of a PV system include:
- Solar panels, either mounted on the roof or the ground, or replacing
the roof material.
- Inverters, which turns the electricity from the panels into a form you can
use for your home or business. Convert DC power into AC power.
- System Monitoring provides feedback to the customer about the power
and energy metering. Without proper metering the customer will never
know whether the system is operating properly or not.
- Mounting systems, on-roof, grounded or BIPV.
- Cable and connectors, different length and section.
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PHASE 5: SELECTION OF SYSTEM / SUPPLIER
B- Selection criteria
When choosing a supplier and specifying a PV system, the following
criteria help the decision-making process:
- Company profile, reputation and references in similar projects
- Technical advantages and innovative products
- Quality and certification (such as MCS)
- Competitiveness
- Warranty and insurance
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PHASE 6: SYSTEM INSTALLATION
A - Set up the photovoltaic generator
The D-Day has started. After months and months, the installation
begins and can go on for days depending of the number of modules to
install.
B - Wiring and commissioning
That’s the final steps to the commissioning. All the
installation is wired. After a final inspection, the installation
will be ready to produce electricity.
C - Grid connection
There will be a detailed procedure for this set out or referred to in the
"construction and adoption" agreement which is not standard. There is
no "legally set" process for testing and acceptance followed by
adoption.
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PHASE 7: MANAGEMENT OF THE INSTALLATION
A - Monitoring system
With the decision for a PV system, you also decide for a long-term
source of income. It means that the system must function smoothly at
all times. The best way to manage your PV installation and your
production of electricity is to use monitoring devices:
Communication hub. It continuously collects all the data from the
inverters on the system side, thereby keeping you informed of the
System’s status at any given time: system monitoring, remote
diagnosis, data storage and visualization of the production of electricity.
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PHASE 7: MANAGEMENT OF THE INSTALLATION
A - Monitoring system
Web portal for professional management. Whether for a small home
system or a large solar park, central administration and monitoring of
several PV plants saves time and money. Plant operators, installers
and inverter manufacturer service technicians have access to key data
at any time, from any location. The yields of all inverters in a plant are
compared fully automatically, permitting detection of even the smallest
deviations.
Large-scale display. A large-format display visualises yield,
performance and CO2 reduction of PV systems in large, luminous
figures. it derives the display data from the communication hub via the
Ethernet interface.
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PHASE 7: MANAGEMENT OF THE INSTALLATION
B - Maintenance
Even if maintenance is minimal, there are no moving parts in the
installation, so it is almost maintenance free. However, it is required to
regularly inspect the installation:
- Keep modules clean: If the PV installation is located in a dusty place
and it doesn’t rain frequently, it is recommended to clean the modules
(e.g. birds dejection).
- Connectors: check if all the connectors are properly plugged and if no
scratch or damage appear on cables.
- Protection devices: check if all the protection devices are in operation.
- Mounting system: check if no damage on the installation racks.
- Electrical measurement on specific parts (inverters).
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PHASE 8: END-LIFE OF THE INSTALLATION
A - More than 25 years of production
Depending on the feed-in-tariff scheme and the right to run the
installation, the PV system can still run after 25 years. Indeed, the end
of the FIT contract between the installation’s owner and the grid
authority, doesn't mean the modules will stop produce electricity. The
production of electricity will be use for your own consumption and will
allow you to reduce your electricity bills.
B - Decommissioning
In some cases, land or roof are a concession for 25 years, and it will be
required to dismount the full PV system. In that case, at the construction
of the system, special material are used in order to recycle them after
the life-time (e.g. use of ground screws instead of concrete foundation
to avoid ground contamination).
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PHASE 8: END-LIFE OF THE INSTALLATION
C - Recycling
The PV industry is working to create truly sustainable energy solutions
that take into consideration the environmental impacts of all stages of
the product life cycle, from raw material sourcing through end-of-life
collection and recycling. Although the PV industry is young, leading
manufacturers embrace the concept of producer responsibility and have
come together to put in place a voluntary, industry-wide take-back and
recycling programme. By addressing future recycling needs now, it can
be offered a truly sustainable energy solution today to help prevent
climate change tomorrow.
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FUNDING/FINANCING A PV PROJECT
Current Funding
- Photovoltaics are one of the priorities of the current 7th Framework
Programme (FP7, 2007-2013).
- Intelligent Energy - Europe programme managed by the Executive
Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation (EACI) is the EU's tool for
funding action to improve these conditions and move us towards a more
energy intelligent Europe.
- European Investment Bank (EIB)
- ELENA
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FUNDING/FINANCING A PV PROJECT
What are the selection criteria?
The EIB will select the investment programmes to be supported under
ELENA based on the following criteria:
• eligibility of an applicant from an IEE participating country: all EU
Member States, Norway, Iceland,Liechtenstein and Croatia;
• eligibility of the planned investment programme
• potential bankability of the project
• applicant's financial and technical capacity to implement and complete
the project
• expected contribution to the objectives of the "20-20-20" initiative in
terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, increasing the share of
renewables in energy consumption and improving energy efficiency
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FUNDING/FINANCING A PV PROJECT
What is the procedure for applying for an ELENA?
There will be no calls for proposals and assistance will be granted on a
first-come first-served basis within the limits of the given budget.
To start the discussion to seek assistance from ELENA, the following
minimum information should be presented to the EIB in a preapplication stage:
• Brief description of the planned investment programme, including type
of investments and approach for implementation of the programme;
• Expected investment cost and schedule to develop the programme;
• Amount, scope and main needs to be addressed by the requested
technical assistance.
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FUNDING/FINANCING A PV PROJECT
Based on the information provided in the pre-application stage, the EIB
will assess whether the proposal meets the selection criteria, and the
need for technical assistance of the specific investment programme. A
positive outcome of this first assessment will allow for a request for
assistance to be prepared and submitted to the EIB using the
application form. The Bank will then present the proposal to the
European Commission for approval. The selection procedure will take
around three months.
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FUNDING/FINANCING A PV PROJECT
What is the information to be provided in the Application Form to
be submitted to the EIB for approval (following a first confirmation
that the proposal seems to meet the selection criteria)?
If the preliminary review performed by the EIB indicates that the
investment is potentially eligible for ELENA,the project team will send
an application form to the promoter to be completed with details related
to the project, such as:
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FUNDING/FINANCING A PV PROJECT
In relation to the investment programme/project
• Statement of candidate's commitment to the objectives of the Facility
• Description of the planned investment by sector
• Expected overall investment costs by sector
• Expected leverage factor
• Financing plan for the investment
• Implementation timetable for the investment
• Description of the major elements of the institutional, organisational and
contractual set-up of the investment
• Expected results in terms of increase in energy efficiency, decrease in
energy consumption,renewable energy production or reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions
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FUNDING/FINANCING A PV PROJECT
In relation to the ELENA technical support
• Total amount requested
• Description of the expected support and its scope
• Description of the major elements of the support
• Detailed cost breakdown of the support
• Implementation timetable and disbursement forecast
• Information on other subsidies or grants received, if applicable
• Description of the main expected impacts of the project development
support
• Market replication potential for other municipalities or public bodies
• Draft of the Terms of Reference for launching the technical support
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THANK YOU
Panos Antoniades
Technical Director – Stratagem Energy Ltd
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