Transcript High AMR GEO/GTO Catalogue

Catalogue of High AMR GEO-like Debris
T. Schildknecht, A. Hinze, J. Herzog, J. Silha, A. Vananti
Astronomical Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland
T. Flohrer, H. Krag
Space Debris Office, ESA/ESOC, Germany
31th IADC Meeting, April 17 - 19, 2013, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany
Astronomical Institute University of Bern
T. Schildknecht: Optical Surveys for Space Debris in Highly Eccentric MEO Orbits
31th IADC Meeting, April 17 - 19, 2013, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany
Why do we Maintain Catalogue of Debris?
 Open Questions
• Population
- how many?
- size distribution?
- orbit regions?
- nature of objects?
- sources, sinks?
• Physics/Mechanisms
- creation
- evolution of orbits
• Long-term monitoring of environment
 identification of new sources
 verification of evolution models
Slide 2
Astronomical Institute University of Bern
T. Schildknecht: Optical Surveys for Space Debris in Highly Eccentric MEO Orbits
31th IADC Meeting, April 17 - 19, 2013, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany
Characteristics of Observation Campaigns

Four types of observations
1. GEO surveys:
• search area optimized for GEO orbits with 0-20°
inclination
• blind tracking optimized for object in GEO
2. GTO surveys:
• search area and blind tracking optimized for GTO orbits
with 0-20° inclination (Ariane GTO launches)
3. MEO surveys:
• survey of current MEO constellations completed (2011)
• surveys for eccentric MEO orbits to be started in 2012
4. Follow-up observation to maintain HAMR catalogue:
• follow-up of subset of objects discovered in surveys
(maintenance of a catalogue of debris objects)
• arcs between a few hours up to many months
Slide 3
Astronomical Institute University of Bern
Repartition of Observation
TimeStatistics
OGS Observation
800
Follow-up Observations
GTO Surveys
GEO Surveys
700
Observation Hours
T. Schildknecht: Optical Surveys for Space Debris in Highly Eccentric MEO Orbits
31th IADC Meeting, April 17 - 19, 2013, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany
OGS Observation Statistics
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Years
Slide 4
Astronomical Institute University of Bern
2011
Continuous program, ~80 nights per year
Detections (Jan 2008 - Dec 2008)
60
2
correlated
uncorrelated
Sensitivity 99
50
1.8
40 cm
1.6
15 cm
1.4
40
1.2
60 cm
30
1
0.8
20
10 cm
correlated
0.6
0.4
10
0.2
uncorrelated
0
0
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Magnitude
Slide 5
Astronomical Institute University of Bern
Sensitivity
Frequency
T. Schildknecht: Optical Surveys for Space Debris in Highly Eccentric MEO Orbits
31th IADC Meeting, April 17 - 19, 2013, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany
ESA 2008 GEO/GTO Surveys
T. Schildknecht: Optical Surveys for Space Debris in Highly Eccentric MEO Orbits
31th IADC Meeting, April 17 - 19, 2013, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany
High AMR GEO/GTO Catalogue

Discover new objects: Obs. From Tenerife (OGS, AIUB)

Secure orbits: obs. from OGS, Zimmerwald (AIUB)

Maintain orbits: obs. from OGS, Zimmerwald, international
partners, International Scientific Optical observation Network
(ISON), ...
 Daily orbit maintenance at AIUB and Keldysh Institute of
Applied Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences
(KIAM)
 Orbit catalogue of high-altitude space debris

Provide predictions:
 To other partners (CNES, JAXA, NASA, Roscosmos...)
  to investigate physical properties of objects
Slide 6
Astronomical Institute University of Bern
T. Schildknecht: Optical Surveys for Space Debris in Highly Eccentric MEO Orbits
31th IADC Meeting, April 17 - 19, 2013, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany
Sensors
1-m ESA Telescope
Tenerife
1-m ZIMLAT
Switzerland
Slide 7
Astronomical Institute University of Bern
Slide 8
Campaigns
Astronomical Institute University of Bern
Dec-12
Aug-12
Mar-12
Nov-11
Jun-11
Mar-11
15
Dec-10
Sep-10
May-10
Feb-10
Nov-09
Aug-09
May-09
Feb-09
Nov-08
Aug_b-08
May-08
Feb-08
Nov-07
Aug-07
May-07
Feb-07
May-06
Objects at end
T. Schildknecht: Optical Surveys for Space Debris in Highly Eccentric MEO Orbits
31th IADC Meeting, April 17 - 19, 2013, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany
“Hard to Find, Easy to Loose”
HAMR Catalogue Statistics
20
new objects
objects lost
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
Slide 9
Campaigns
Astronomical Institute University of Bern
Dec-12
Aug-12
Mar-12
Nov-11
Jun-11
Mar-11
Dec-10
Sep-10
May-10
Feb-10
Nov-09
Aug-09
May-09
Feb-09
Nov-08
Aug_b-08
May-08
Feb-08
Nov-07
Aug-07
May-07
Feb-07
May-06
Objects at end
T. Schildknecht: Optical Surveys for Space Debris in Highly Eccentric MEO Orbits
31th IADC Meeting, April 17 - 19, 2013, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany
HAMR Catalogue Statistics
HAMR Catalogue Statistics
Ojects at end
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
“Routine” ZIMLAT Support
ZIMLAT Observation Statistics
Observation Nights
ZIMLAT
Observation Nights
180
Observation Nights
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
10.02 – 10.03 – 10.04 – 10.05 – 10.06 – 10.07 – 10.08 – 10.09 – 10.10 – 10.11 –
09.03
09.04
09.05
09.06
09.07
09.08
09.09
09.10
09.11
09.12
ZIMLAT Observation Statistics
Years
400
35,000
Objects
Observations
30,000
300
25,000
250
20,000
200
15,000
150
10,000
100
5,000
50
ZIMLAT
Observations / Objects
0
0
10.02 – 10.03 – 10.04 – 10.05 – 10.06 – 10.07 – 10.08 – 10.09 – 10.10 – 10.11 –
09.03 09.04 09.05 09.06 09.07 09.08 09.09 09.10 09.11 09.12
Years
Slide 10
Astronomical Institute University of Bern
Observations (tracklets)
350
Objects
T. Schildknecht: Optical Surveys for Space Debris in Highly Eccentric MEO Orbits
31th IADC Meeting, April 17 - 19, 2013, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany
200
Orbital Elements (Jan 2002 - Mar 2013; elliptical orbits)
22
20
correlated
uncorrelated
18
16
Inclination [°]
T. Schildknecht: Optical Surveys for Space Debris in Highly Eccentric MEO Orbits
31th IADC Meeting, April 17 - 19, 2013, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany
6-param. Orbits - i vs Ω
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-180
-120
-60
0
60
120
R.A. of Ascending Node [°]
Slide 11
Astronomical Institute University of Bern
180
Eccentricity vs Mean Motion (Jan 2002 - Mar 2013; elliptical orbits)
0.9
0.8
0.7
Eccentricity
T. Schildknecht: Optical Surveys for Space Debris in Highly Eccentric MEO Orbits
31th IADC Meeting, April 17 - 19, 2013, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany
High AMR GEO/GTO Catalogue
UCT: 1241 CT: 184
0.6
0.5
0.4
uncorrelated
correlated
vapo = 15"/s
vapo = 10.5"/s
vapo = 7.5"/s
vapo = 5"/s
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Mean Motion
Slide 12
Astronomical Institute University of Bern
5
Area-to-Mass Ratio (354 Uncorrelated Objects)
200
180
160
140
Frequency
T. Schildknecht: Optical Surveys for Space Debris in Highly Eccentric MEO Orbits
31th IADC Meeting, April 17 - 19, 2013, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany
High AMR GEO/GTO Catalogue
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
Area to Mass Ratio [m2/kg]
Slide 13
40
44
48
52
56
Max. 86.7 m2/kg
Astronomical Institute University of Bern
Area-to-Mass Ratio (354 Uncorrelated Objects)
140
120
100
Frequency
T. Schildknecht: Optical Surveys for Space Debris in Highly Eccentric MEO Orbits
31th IADC Meeting, April 17 - 19, 2013, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany
High AMR GEO/GTO Catalogue
80
60
40
20
0
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
2.4
2.8
3.2
3.6
Area to Mass Ratio [m2/kg]
Slide 14
4
4.4
4.8
5.2
5.6
Max. 86.7 m2/kg
Astronomical Institute University of Bern
Orbit Arc Length (Jan 2002 - Mar 2013; elliptical orbits)
851
50
45
40
35
Frequency
T. Schildknecht: Optical Surveys for Space Debris in Highly Eccentric MEO Orbits
31th IADC Meeting, April 17 - 19, 2013, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany
High AMR GEO/GTO Catalogue
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
Orbit Arc Length [days]
Slide 15
400
440
480
520
560
Max. 1889 d
Astronomical Institute University of Bern
T. Schildknecht: Optical Surveys for Space Debris in Highly Eccentric MEO Orbits
31th IADC Meeting, April 17 - 19, 2013, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany
Conclusions

Continuous GEO/GTO/(MEO) surveys
 long-term monitoring
 continuous search for high AMR objects

Catalogue of high AMR GEO objects
 major objective is to enable physical characterization
 orbits secured by involving near real-time hand–over to
Zimmerwald (25% of Zimmerwald observation time)
 orbits maintenance by sharing the data in a network of
observatories (KIAM, ISON)
 light curves acquired for majority of catalogued objects

Input for MASTER model
 data used to validate MASTER 2009 model (MLI population)
Slide 16
Astronomical Institute University of Bern
T. Schildknecht: Optical Surveys for Space Debris in Highly Eccentric MEO Orbits
31th IADC Meeting, April 17 - 19, 2013, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany
Acknowledgments


Great thanks to our observers at the OGS and
Zimmerwald!
Support in the form observations to maintain the
orbits is provided by the Keldysh Institute of Applied
Mathematics (KIAM) in the framework of the ISON
collaboration (AIUB-KIAM collaboration).
Slide 17
Astronomical Institute University of Bern
T. Schildknecht: Optical Surveys for Space Debris in Highly Eccentric MEO Orbits
31th IADC Meeting, April 17 - 19, 2013, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany
Repartition of ZIMLAT Time (2012)
longgeo
8%
ESAjointsat
11%
GPS
4%
gto_long
2%
Catalogue of GEO/GTO
high AMR objects
hprsat
75%
Slide 18
Astronomical Institute University of Bern