Transcript 12-13 The Circuit The Take Off Circuit And Land
Microlight flights lessons
Exercise 12-13 Circuits
12-13 The Circuit The Take Off Circuit And Land
Aim To safely take off and climb the aircraft into a position on the downwind leg at circuit height. Also to land safely in the event of engine failure after take off or at any time in the circuit, and to decide against and take appropriate action if for some reason continuation of the take off would be un-safe
To fly an accurate circuit and carry out a safe missed approach
This exercise cannot be fully covered in one flight exercise. It is broken down into a number of briefings and flights. Plenty of practice will be required to build up the skills to solo standard
Active side
The Circuit
Microlight flights lessons
Into wind take off
THE STANDARD INTO WIND TAKE OFF 1 . Checks complete, clearance obtained, line up and select a reference point well ahead. If the runway is short select abort point.
2. Brakes off, apply smooth power
3. Keep wings level and bar neutral, keep steering straight with nose wheel- not by steering with wing.
4. As flying speed is approached smoothly move the bar forwards to take off Checks During the take off run aurally check that full power has been achieved, if in doubt abort the take off. Also estimate the expected take off point for the prevailing conditions .
The Climb Out
Microlight flights lessons
Into wind Glide approach
The Standard into wind glide approach and landing
1.Turn Finals line up on the extended runway centre line make sure nose wheel straight
2.When you intersect the gliding angle towards your
chosen aiming point, lower the nose adopt the glide
3. Attain correct approach speed
20ft Look well ahead down runway to maintain perspective Hold off
Ground effect
Half Wing span
•
7. once on the ground keep steering straight and brake gently only if necessary. Re-turn the bar to the neutral position. On the smooth surface aerodynamic braking may be used by moving the bar back from the neutral position
Microlight flights lessons
Cross wind
THE CROSS WIND TAKE OFF AND LANDING
1. Estimate the cross wind component And ensure it is within limits check the pilots hand book. P.O.H
15 degree off runway heading= crosswind component ¼ of the wind strength 30 degrees off runway heading= cross wind component ½ of the wind strength.
45 degrees off runway heading= cross wind component¾ of the wind strength 60 degree or more off the runway heading= cross wind component 1/1 of the wind strength
Keep steering straight start the run with the into wind wing slightly down as airspeed builds level wings
A cross wind will cause drift after take off, so lift off cleanly. Hold the aircraft firmly on the ground during the take off run then lift off cleanly and positively
Once the aircraft lifts off it will yaw into wind . Do not resist this but keep the wings level, the aircraft will assume approximately the correct drift angle. Adjust slightly if required once the aircraft is established in the climb. To maintain runway centre line during climb out
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Crosswind landing
Land into wind if possible if not Estimate cross wind component as before ; ensure within limit if not land somewhere else.
Turn onto finales allowing for head or tailwind on base leg and get established on the runway centre line allowing for drift Check nose wheel straight Increase airspeed slightly above for normal approach. This will reduce drift angle
Continued crosswind landing
6 . Round out
slightly lower than normal, make short hold off try to land on back wheels with bar slightly forwards of trim to keep airspeed up and reduce drift angle. if difficult conditions turbulent may be useful to carry a little power to keep airspeed up and prolong the hold off.
7.Touch down back wheels first will yaw straight on runway, try to hold nose wheel up and touch nose down gently 8. Lower into the wind steering straight. slightly and keep Some trikes can land flat . As the aircraft lands it often will not be straight and tends to snatch and track in the direction that the trike is pointing . This can be reduced by aligning the nose wheel with the direction that the aircraft is tracking [down the runway hopefully] As the aircraft touches down it will then align with the tracking direction and the nose wheel can be straightened.
Do not use this technique on aircraft that touch down main wheels first with nose wheel well in the air
Airfield considerations for cross wind landings with possible turbulence of hangers The turbulence crossing hangers can throw a trike it can sink or cause wing drop possible stall be aware at all times
Microlight flights lessons
Short field take off
Take off
The short field take off is a procedure which is carried out when obstruction clearance on take off is considered critical. The object being to obtain the shortest take off distance and achieve the steepest angle of climb
IF IN ANY DOUBT
If in any doubt whether obstacles can be cleared safely do not attempt to take off in the first place de-rigg and trailer to a safe site or home or wait until better weather conditions.
There is always another day to fly safety first
Microlight flights lessons
Short field landing
Short field landing
Microlight flights lessons
Soft field take off
.
Soft surfaces sand boggy or long, wet grass usually reduce the aircraft’s acceleration during the takeoff roll so much that adequate take off speed might not be attained if normal take off techniques were employed Front wheel digging in
Take Off
1. During the take off hold the bar fully forwards 2. Lift as soon as possible {at a lower speed than normal} 3. Hold the aircraft close to the ground in the level attitude and using the ground effect accelerate to a safe climbing airspeed before adopting the climbing angle
Microlight flights lessons
Soft field Landing
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
Landing
When the landing surface is sift or the grass is long, the approach should be set up in the normal way, for a power or glide approach The touchdown should be made softly at the minim possible ground speed therefore land as close as into he wind and hold off as fully as possible touch down at the lowest possible airspeed During the ground roll keep the control fully forwards o stop the nose wheel from digging in.
Do not use brakes.
If the field is very soft, stop the aircraft, get out and walk the field before taxiing
Microlight flights lessons
Missed approach go around
Aircraft obstruction
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Missed approach go Around Reasons
Runway obstruction Overshooting Too close behind another landing aircraft Strong turbulence or poor pilot control Making continuation of landing will make it unsafe
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Make the decision early Open the throttle fully Raise the nose If runway obstructed by another aircraft taking off ,move Of runway and fly parallel On airfields with no dead side move to the live side but beware of the other aircraft turning across you If all clear and at circuit height, at the upwind leg of the runway turn on to the cross-wind leg and rejoin the circuit on the down wind leg
Aircraft taking off
1
Microlight flights lessons
Circuit Emergencies
Engine failure at low level Abandoned take off 1. Close throttle and bar neutral in pitch 2. Brake firmly if short distance Engine failure after take off Failure Failure at very low level (10ft)- Use accurate pitch control to bring aircraft down to hold off height and land ahead at 50 to 100ft- lower nose to glide attitude immediately and land ahead Engine failure at 50 to 100 feet Engine failure after take off Lower nose to glide angle Land Ahead Take off roll
Failure at 200ft to 300ft Failure at 200 to 300ft –lower nose to glide angle immediately. Land straight ahead if possible. If runway is insufficient and large obstacles make landing beyond dangerous, either S turn to bring the landing point closer. or turn to land cross wind in a clear area DO NOT ATTEMPT TO TURN BACK-unless at least 500feet Agl and the end of the runway is still underneath the aircraft or very close behind. Do not attempt to land downwind unless wind is extremely light
1.
2.
3.
4.
Engine failure in circuit
Lower nose and adopt the gliding attitude for minimum sink.
Pick the safest available landing area and position to land into wind.
Do not attempt to make it back to land at the aerodrome unless it is the safest option Prepare for this by noting suitable landing areas before the engine stops and mentally rehearsing the procedure for every position around the circuit
Aborted landing
If you land longer than expected and doubt exists on whether you will be able to stop before the end of the runway, try to make an early decision and apply full power promptly and take off again. If there is not enough runway left then brake firmly( wheel and aerodynamic braking) Switch off the ignition and gently steer away from obstacles
1
Microlight flights lessons
Departing and joining the circuit
Departing
Joining
Down wind join
If the runway in use and circuit direction is ascertained prior to entering the ATZ a downwind join may be used.
1.On the initial approach to the Aerodrome keep to the upwind side 2. Aim to be established on the down wind leg abeam the upwind end of the runway. Approach this position ideally at 45 degrees to the downwind leg. Keep a very good lookout and give way to aircraft already established on the circuit
Base leg and Final join
Circuit Airmanship
Plan Ahead
Lookout
Right of way
Wake turbulence
Checks
Handling