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Objectives

 Explain how to implement green fleets     Learn about incentives for converting to electric drive vehicles Learn about the availability and cost of operating electric drive vehicles Identify the advantages of using electric drive vehicles Understand how to safely charge and operate electric drive vehicles 2

Greening of Fleets

 Why use green fleets?

 Reduce operating costs   Reduce greenhouse gas emissions Improve corporate image 3

How to Implement Green Fleets        Get buy-in Create long-term objectives Avoid setting reduction goals in absolute numbers Anticipate obstacles Move slowly Improve vehicle use Track and report progress 4

Electric Drive Fleets

 EVs = vehicles powered or assisted by electricity  Electricity is provided by grid or generated onboard    Stored in batteries Four types of EVs (HEVs, PHEVs, BEVS, and FCEVs) Each types serves a different purpose 5

HEV

   Most common EVs Utilize an ICE and one or more electric motors Motor/generator captures or produces energy

Figure 1: Hybrid commercial fleet vehicles. Source: NAFTC.

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PHEV

    Most PHEVs are modified HEVs Larger battery capacity, ability to charge their batteries by plugging in to the grid Can operate on all electric power longer than HEV Limited all electric range

Figure 2: Toyota Prius, a popular plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. Source: NAFTC.

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BEV

   Simplest EV design Batteries, motors, drivetrain Limited range depending upon battery capacity

Figure 3: The Proterra BEV transit bus. Source: Proterra.

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FCEV

   Most advanced EVs Hydrogen gas powers the fuel cell Large battery packs are not required

Figure 4: Hydrogen fuel cell bus. Source: NREL.

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Incentives for Using Electric Drive Vehicles in Fleets

Incentives  Partnership initiatives and pooled resources      Financial subsidiaries Informational tools Initial cost vs. federal and state incentives American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) Clean Cities Program 10

Did You Know?

Argonne National Laboratory developed a graphical user interface-based calculator called AirCRED that calculates air pollutant emissions based on specific fleet variables. These emissions “credits” are used to determine excise tax credits.

To learn more, visit: www.transportation.anl.gov/modeling_simulatio n/AirCred 11

Tax Incentives

   Federal and state tax rebates Research and production rebates depending upon work done Rebates and incentives available for use of hydrogen fueling equipment 12

Federal Grant Funding

 Federal government = largest grant provider  U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)  U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT)  Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)  U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) 13

State Grant Funding

   State Energy Office (SEO) National Association of State Energy Officials directory Alternative Fuels Data Center map 

To find state-specific information, visit

www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/state

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Incentives for Electricity Production

    Electricity is a domestically produced product “Clean” electricity production Job opportunities and economic benefits Increased demand will lead to a continually expanding marketplace 15

Electricity Cost and Availability

 More than 6,800 public charging stations nationwide    Regional electrification programs Increased demand will help build an expanding infrastructure Onsite charging 16

Figure 5: This map illustrates the number of public charging stations across the country. Source: AFDC.

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Cost

     Electricity production Installation of charging infrastructure Cost-per-mile for electricity vs. gasoline Long-term savings Production factors – source of electricity, location of production, availability of raw materials 18

Figure 6: A comparison of electricity and gasoline energy cost per mile. Source: AFDC.

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Cost Factors

 Fuel source for energy production    Charging infrastructure Cost to process raw materials Seasonal weather affects on energy consumption

Figure 7: Electricity and gasoline and diesel cost comparison, 2009-2012. Source: AFDC.

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Electric Drive Advantages

HEV

 Advantages:  Better fuel economy than gasoline/diesel counterparts    Things to Consider:  Capital cost/purchase price  Battery life/disposal  Lower emissions than conventional vehicles Combines efficiency of EVs with range of gasoline fuel Fuel economy advantages highly dependent upon driving conditions 21

PHEV

  Advantages:  Better fuel economy than gasoline/diesel counterparts  Lower emissions than conventional vehicles   Combines efficiency of EVs with range of gasoline fuel Extended battery only range when compared to HEVs Things to Consider:     Capital cost/purchase price Battery life/disposal Fuel economy advantages highly dependent upon driving conditions More limited availability than HEVs 22

BEV

 Advantages:  Lower fuel costs     No localized emissions Quiet operation At home ‘fueling’ by charging Things to Consider:  Capital cost/purchase price      Battery life/disposal Limited driving range/public charging stations Limited availability when compared to HEVs Emissions do occur at fossil fuel powered plants used to produce electricity Charge time 23

FCEV

  Advantages:    Lower fuel costs No localized emissions Quiet operation Things to Consider:     Capital cost/purchase price Limited driving range/public fueling stations Limited availability Emissions and energy required to produce hydrogen for use in FCEVs 24

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Electric Drive Performance and Safety

 Similar performance and safety when compared to conventional vehicles Each type poses unique issues Size and complexity of electrical systems differ greatly 25

Performance

 HEVs and PHEVs  Similar to conventional vehicles   Reduced emissions High torque available from electric motors   Driving range is comparable to conventional vehicles Available in light- and heavy-duty applications 26

Performance

 BEVs  Similar performance to conventional vehicles  Peak torque availability may allow for better acceleration  No onboard ICE or complex transmission system  Available for niche market applications  Consistent routes that allow for onsite charging 27

Performance

 FCEVs  Performance is similar to conventional vehicles  Larger battery pack replaced with onboard hydrogen storage  Decreased cargo capabilities  Usually only available through lease programs 28

   Required downtime for charging PHEVs and BEVs Three charging levels Specific equipment requirements

Figure 8: The main levels of charging available for PHEVs and BEVs. Source: NAFTC.

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    Level 1 = standard 120 volt three-prong cord Wall mounted units available Most EVs sold with necessary cords At home Level 2 are available as well

Figure 9 (left): Level 2 wall mount charging stations. Source: GE Industrial.

Figure 10 (right): Nissan Leaf charging cord. Source: NAFTC.

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   Level 2 = 240 volt connection Typically used with BEVs and some PHEVs Public, home, and onsite fleet charging

Figure 11 (left): Free-standing Level 2 charging station. Source: NAFTC.

Figure 12 (right): Level 2 Minit-Charger private fleet charging infrastructure. Source: Minit-Charger.

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    Level 3 = 480 volt connections “Quick charge” systems Reduce charge time to half an hour or less depending upon the equipment used Valuable for use in the heavy-duty sector

Figure 13: The Blink DC Fast Charger. Source: Blink Network.

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• • • •

Electric Drive Performance Summary

Similar vehicle performance Lower operating/maintenance costs Quieter operation Fewer local emissions 33

Safety

    Same stringent NHSA and DOT safety standards as conventional vehicles Charging equipment safety standards High-voltage disconnects within vehicles Inertia switches 34

    Color coded high-voltage vehicle components Bright orange or light blue insulation EVs that are plugged in to charge will have more cords that may not be color coded Different charging levels, equipment, charging can be done by anyone 35

• • • •

Electric Drive Safety Summary

Safety measures in charging stations Meet NHSA and DOT standards High voltage cables are color coded Maintenance should be done by trained technicians only 36

Test Your Knowledge

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List the four types of EVs presented for fleet managers in this section along with their acronyms.

True or False: The GGE price of electric has remained nearly unchanged between 2009 and 2012.

The fastest EV charging requires a Level _______ charger.

True or False: EVs must be charged by only trained professionals due to electric shock hazard.

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