Fixation Disparity
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Transcript Fixation Disparity
Fixation Disparity
Fixation Disparity
Fixation disparity is a small error in the
visual system.
Occurs as a result of Panum’s fusional
area
Small error-minutes of arc
6 to 12 minutes of arc
Fixation Disparity
Depends of type of stimulus, larger for
lower spatial frequencies.
Acts as stimulus for the vergence system
Balance between the convergence and
divergence
Compensation for phoria
Accommodative inputs
Measuring Fixation Disaparity
Calculate fixation disparity
FD
= 2a/2.9 x 10-4 x b/b
2a=PD
b=target distance
b=difference between target distance and
convergence distance
2.9 x 10-4 = conversion factor from radians to
min of arc
Example
Can be measured at distance and
near
Horizontal deviation
Vertical deviation
Uses nonius lines with a fusion lock
Takes advantage of vernier acuity
How Tests Work
Diagrams of Exo, Eso and Vertical
Change nonius lines to compensate for FD
Use prism to compensate for FD
Sheedy Disparometer
Mallet Unit
Wesson Card
Saladin Card
Saladin Card
Saladin Card
Generating a forced vergence
disparity curve
Put prism in place and measure the
amount of fixation disparity
Associated phoria is the amount of prism
needed to eliminate the fixation disparity
Y-axis is the amount of fixation disparity
X-axis is the amount of prism
Effect of Prism on FD
Base In prism
Base Out prism
Vergence movement
Types of fixation disparity curves
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
What do the curves tell us?
Measure of vergence adaptation
Fast or disparity vergence system
Slow or vergence adaptation system
Vertical fixation disparity
Very little adaptation in this system
Spherical lenses
Moves curve up and down
Calculating AC/A ratio
For each lens power find the
corresponding prism power that produces
the same fixation disparity value
Plot each lens/prism pair of points
Analysis
Quadrant 1
Quadrant 2
Quadrant 3
Quadrant 4
Characteristics of fixation disparity
Fixation distance
Saladin Vs Wesson Card
Ngan et al OVS (2005)
Compared the FD and associated phoria
in adults using the Saladin and Wesson
cards
Compared the y-intercept (FD) and xintercept x-intercept.
Saladin Vs Wesson
Test
Y-intercept
X-intercept
Saladin Card
-0.2
0.4
Wesson Cards
-10.2
-2.9
Clinical application
Relationship to symptoms
Prism prescriptions
Effect of orthoptics