Transcript class #9 common ifr producers and flight procedures
CHAPTER 12 COMMON IFR PRODUCERS
St. Elmo’s Fire
AOPA VFR into IMC
http://flash.aopa.org/asf/acs_vfrimc/
Scud running
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0g WEi_TNKoI
IFR PROCEDURES
Low ceilings and non-instrument rated pilots don’t mix.
Attempting to fly visually under low cloud decks can be tricky. Entering clouds or losing the horizon can cause your senses to deceive even the most experience instrument pilot; causing you to lose your sense of direction and lose control
IFR PROCEDURES
Usually it takes a good scare to really appreciate the illusions of IFR flight before you change your thinking on IFR weather.
Calgary-Regina-Grand Forks Trip Continued VFR into adverse weather is the cause of about 25% of all fatal general aviation accidents.
VFR/MVFR/IFR
What is VFR weather?
Weather better than 1000 ft Ceiling; Visibility better than 3 S.M.
What is MVFR?
From 1000 ft. - 3000 ft ceiling; Visibility 3-5 S.M.
What is IFR 1000 ft ceiling or below, vis 3 S.M. or below
CEILING
Ceiling = the maximum height from which a pilot can maintain VFR in reference to the ground Ceiling = as the lowest broken (5/8-7/8) or overcast layer (8/8) aloft or vertical visibility (VV) into a surface-based obstruction.
IFR PRODUCERS
Fog, low clouds, haze, smoke, blowing obstructions to vision, and precipitation.
Fog and low stratus restrict navigation by visual reference more often than all other weather parameters.
FOG
Temp/Dew Point Temp spread is 2ºC (4 ºF) and narrowing condensation/ fog/low clouds should be expected. Your book says (5 ºF) Water vapor must condense for fog to form. If there are no condensation nuclei present then even with 100% relative humidity, fog will not form.
Salt, dust combustion by products, smoke are all classified as condensation nuclei
FOG
Fog is a surface based cloud composed of either water droplets or ice crystals.
With the right conditions fog can form very quickly (few minutes) VFR-IFR.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6EqQ9V1e5x Q Be very cautious flying when the temp/ D.P.T. spread is close and getting closer.
FOG FORMATION
Fog or a cloud may form by: #1. cooling air to its dew point, #2. by adding moisture to the air or condensation nuclei.
FOG
Radiation Fog = Fog that forms on a clear calm night or day break when the surface of the earth is cooled by radiation until the temperature of the air near the the surface is below its initial dew point temp. Restricted to land because water surfaces cool little from nighttime radiation. Usually burns off rapidly after sunrise.
wind of 5 kts or less mix the air and deepen the fog
FOG
Radiation Fog
=most conducive to form on warm, moist air over low, flatland areas on clear, calm nights
ADVECTION FOG
Moist air moves over colder ground or water common along the coastal areas deepens with winds up to 15 kts depends on the wind to exist More than 15 kts tends to lift it into low stratus Moves in rapidly with the wind day or night and more persistent
FOG
Advection Fog = forms when moist air moves over colder ground or water . Common along coastal areas. At sea it is called sea fog.
UPSLOPE FOG
Moist stable air cooled adiabatically as it moves up sloping terrain depends on wind to exist very dense and can exist at high altitudes along the upsloping terrain
PRECIPITATION INDUCED FOG
Warm rain or drizzle falling through cool air evaporation from the precip saturates the cool air and “poof” fog associated with warm fronts mostly may also form along cold fronts and stationary fronts little or no wind
FRONTAL INDUCED FOG
Usually a result of saturation due to evaporation or precipitation Either adding the moisture or cooling the air to saturation
ICE FOG
occurs when temp is below freezing and the vapor sublimates directly into ice crystals conditions are similar for formation of radiation fog -25º F or colder so usually found in arctic region or colder winter spots
STEAM FOG
Air is blown from a cold surface over warmer water Low stratus clouds hard to predict bases scud running not advisable
FOG
Fog on a METAR is used to indicate visibility of less than 5/8 of a SM
FOG
HAZE AND SMOKE
Haze - salt or dry particles not classified as dust or something else occurs in stable air Smoke forest fires, industrial areas Both can be bad under a temp inversion Can cause visual illusions
HAZE AND SMOKE
Usually only a few thousand feet thick, but sometimes may extend as high as 15,000 feet. Usually have well defined tops with visibility above great.
Downward visibility from a haze layer is usually very poor, especially at a slant. Worse if faced into the sun
HAZE AND SMOKE
Smoke concentrations form primarily in industrial areas when air is stable. It is most prevalent at night or early morning under a temperature inversion but can persist throughout the day.
Clears a lot slower than fog Must be dispersed by air movement.
HAZE AND SMOKE
Needs to be blown away or Convection which allows mixing and spreading out of the smoke or haze to a higher altitude.
BLOWING PHENOMENA
Dust, sand Precip- drizzle, rain , snow White out conditions Very common to have 0, 0 weather
BLOWING PHENOMENA
Can blow particles as high as 15,000 feet. Visibility is restricted at the surface and aloft.
Once dust becomes airborne may take several hours for visibilities to improve
BLOWING PHENOMENA
PRECIPITATION
Drizzle and snow restrict visibility to a greater degree than rain.
Drizzle falls in stable air and is usually associated with fog (poor vis) Heavy snow and rain associated with a severe thunderstorm can result in 0 vis.
With heavy rain visibilities seldom below a mile and usually for a short period of time.
PRECIPITATION
Freezing precipitation - freezing to the windshield lowers visibility to a few inches.
OBSCURATION
surface based
phenomena classified in 10ths VV ceiling may be noted but once below it horizontal vis may be severely restricted
OBSCURATION
An obscured ceiling differs from a cloud ceiling. With a cloud ceiling you normally can see the ground and runway onced you descend below the cloud base. With an obscured ceiling, it restricts visibility between your altitude and the ground
OBSCURATION
VISIBILITY
Ground level, air-to-ground and air-to air visibilities are all important when flying.
Ground Level - done by weather observer uses a prominent object viewed against the horizon for estimating daytime visibility.
VISIBILITY
Prevailing Visibility - is provided for aviation by the weather service. It is the maximum visibility common to sectors comprising one half or more of the horizon circle as viewed from the observing site at eye level. It is provided in statute miles.
RVR RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE For landing and take-off under instrument flight conditions, the prevailing visibility is not of as much importance as the visibility within the runway environment itself. Requirements is that of the runway lights rather than ground feature.
Measured by an instrument called a transmissometer
RVR RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE RVR is measured in feet in North America.
Values are measured by transmissometer mounted on 14 foot towers along the runway 250 feet apart typically.
1,600=1/4 2,400=1/2 3,200= 5/8 5,000=1mile
RVR RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE Air to ground visibility - prevailing and rvr are horizontal visibilities near the surface.
Air to ground is forward visibility, typically lower then the above two SVR slant visual range - slant visual distance used for the choice to continue to land or not.
ILLUSIONS IN FLIGHT
AIM 8-1-5 The leans - An abrupt correction of a banked attitude, which has been entered too slowly to stimulate the motion sensing system in the inner ear, can create the illusion of banking in the opposite direction. The disoriented pilot will roll the aircraft back into its original dangerous attitude, or if level flight is maintained, will feel compelled to lean in the perceived vertical plane until this illusion subsides
ILLUSIONS IN FLIGHT
AIM 8-1-5 Coriolis illusion - An abrupt head movement in a prolonged constant-rate turn that has ceased stimulating the motion sensing system can create the illusion of rotation or movement in an entirely different axis. The disoriented pilot will maneuver the aircraft into a dangerous attitude in an attempt to stop rotation. This most overwhelming of all illusions may be prevented by not making sudden, extreme head movements (especially while turning)
ILLUSIONS IN FLIGHT
False Horizon - Sloping cloud formations, an obscured horizon, a dark scene spread with ground lights and stars, and certain geometric patterns of ground light can create illusions of not being aligned correctly with the actual horizon. The disoriented pilot will place the aircraft in a dangerous attitude
ILLUSIONS IN FLIGHT
Graveyard spin - A proper recover from a spin that has ceased stimulating the motion sensing system can create the illusion of spinning in the opposite direction. The disoriented pilot will return the aircraft to the original spin.
Graveyard spiral - Constant rate turn descending can cease to stimulate your senses, so that you believe your wings are level. Pulling back on the controls tightens the spiral even more
ILLUSIONS IN FLIGHT
Atmospheric illusions - Rain on the windscreen can create the illusion of greater height, and atmospheric haze the illusion of being at a greater distance fro mthe runway. The pilot who does not recognize these illusions will fly a lower approach. Penetration of fog can create the illusion of pitching up. The pilot who does not recognize this illusion will steepen the approach, often quite abruptly.
ILLUSIONS IN FLIGHT
TRUST YOUR INSTRUMENT READ 8-1-5 IN YOU AIM IF YOU GET A CHANCE
IFR
If you can go IFR, get a clearance before you lose your horizon or enter clouds.
If VFR make a 180. Any pilot knows how to make a 180; a good pilot knows when!!!!!
Don’t get “get to your destination itis” Wait until the weather is good for VFR
QUESTIONS
Where can you encounter wind shear?
Any altitude, can be both in the horizontal and vertical direction.
QUESTIONS
When is it more likely to have radiation fog form?
Over land clear calm nights
QUESTIONS
When is it more likely to have advection fog form?
Along coastal areas
QUESTIONS
When is it more likely to have steam fog form?
Over a water surface
QUESTIONS
What types of fog depend on wind in order to exist?
Advection fog and upslope fog
QUESTIONS
In industrial areas low clouds and fog are common why?
Increase in cloud condensation nuclei.
FMH-1 CHAPTER 12
METAR KMWH 092052Z 22003KT 10SM SCT009 02/M02 A2981 RMK AO2 SLP105 6//// T00171022 55000 PNO $ 6=3 and 6 hour precip amount ////=indeterminable amount of precip If 2.17 inches of precip occurred would be coded 60217
METAR KMWH 092052Z 22003KT 10SM SCT009 02/M02 A2981 RMK AO2 SLP105 6//// T00171022 55000 PNO $ 5=3 hour pressure tendency Next digit need to reference table 5 on the table = atmospheric pressure now lower than 3 hours ago decreasing then increasing 000 = amount of pressure change in tens of hectopascals 52032 = steady increase of 3.2 hectopascals in the past three hours
METAR KMWH 092052Z 22003KT 10SM SCT009 02/M02 A2981 RMK AO2 SLP105 6//// T00171022 55000 PNO $ PNO = when automatic stations are equipped with a tipping bucket rain gauge and that sensor is not operating PNO shall be coded $ = maintenance is needed on the system