Transcript Cross-dressing or Crossing-over: Sex Testing of Women Athletes
What Happened to 28 Days?
A Clicker Case About the Human Menstrual Cycle by Tamar L. Goulet Department of Biology University of Mississippi
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CQ#1: My knowledge of the menstrual cycle is:
A. Nonexistent B. Fair C. Good D. Very good E. Excellent
Opinion
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CQ#2: The length of a human menstrual cycle is __ days:
A. 20 B. 24 C. 28 D. 32 E. Any of the above 3
CQ#3: A woman has a 24-day cycle. She will ovulate on day__
A. 6 B. 10 C. 12 D. 14 E. 18 4
CQ#4: The case is about Ann, who is:
A. A single mother of three B. A high school senior C. A married college student D. A faculty member in the Biology Department E. A waitress 5
If you were Karen, what questions would you ask?
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Ann & Karen’s Conversation
“So, when was the 1 st day of your last period?” asked Karen.
“February 1 st ,” replied Ann.
“How long is your menstrual cycle?” asked Karen, her pen poised in the air.
“28 days,” Ann replied quickly.
“Is it always 28 days?” asked Karen.
“Isn’t every woman’s menstrual cycle 28 days?” asked Ann.
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CQ#5: You asked a friend about her menstrual cycle. The length of your friend’s menstrual cycle falls between ___ days.
A. 20-23 B. 24-27 C. 28-31 D. 32 and above E. Other 8
Ann & Karen’s Conversation
“Ok, let’s step back a bit. Which organs are directly involved in the menstrual cycle?” asked Karen.
List the organs that are involved.
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Female Reproductive Anatomy
(oviducts) 10
Ann & Karen’s Conversation
“Are these organs physically connected?” asked Karen.
“Well, no” answered Ann incredulously. “After all, my hypothalamus is up here,” said Ann, pointing to her head, “and my ovaries are down there,” she continued as she pointed to her jeans, and then looked around self-consciously to see if she had been overheard.
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Ann & Karen’s Conversation
“Good, good,” nodded Karen. “So, how does the hypothalamus communicate with the ovaries?” 12
Hormones
•
List all the hormones that are involved with the menstrual cycle.
•
Specify where they are produced.
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Menstrual Cycle Hormones
1. GnRH - Gonadtropin-releasing hormone.
2. LH - Luteinizing hormone.
3. FSH - Follicle stimulating hormone.
4. Estrogen.
5. Progesterone.
1 – hypothalamus.
2 & 3 anterior pituitary.
4 & 5 within ovary.
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CQ#6: How do hormones get from the anterior pituitary to the ovaries?
A. Gravity B. Osmosis C. In the blood stream D. In the interstitial fluid E. Through nerve impulses 15
Ann & Karen’s Conversation
“Ann,” Karen asked gingerly. “Do you know what happens during a menstrual cycle?” “Of course!” replied Ann adamantly.
Can you explain what happens?
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Uterus Hypothalamus Anterior Pituitary Ovary
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Hypothalamus Anterior Pituitary 1. FSH 2. LH Uterus Thickening of lining Ovary Estrogen a) Follicle growth Progesterone a) Egg release (=ovulation) + b) Scar tissue (=corpus luteum )
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CQ#7: Unless a pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum will degenerate after ____ days.
A. 6 B. 10 C. 12 D. 14 E. 18 19
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CQ#8: Without the corpus luteum and progesterone, the uterine lining will:
A. Remain the same thickness B. Increase in thickness C. Decrease slightly in thickness D. Shed, i.e., menstrual flow 21
Ann & Karen’s Conversation
“Ok, what was the first day of your last menstrual cycle?” asked Karen.
“February 2 nd ,” repeated Ann.
“And what was the first day of the cycle before that?” asked Karen.
“Umm, January 1 st ,” said Ann.
“So, how long is your personal menstrual cycle?” prodded Karen.
Ann paused to think. What was it…?
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Ann & Karen’s Conversation
“So your cycle is 32 days long,” stated Karen. “Can you figure out when you ovulate?” she asked.
“I don’t feel when I ovulate,” said Ann.
“Most women do not,” stated Karen. “But, there are signs.” 23
Basal body temperature changes during cycle
(c) BabyCenter LLC 24
CQ#9: After ovulation, for the remainder of the cycle, a woman’s basal body temperature:
A. Does not change B. Oscillates, generating hot flashes C. Goes up slightly and stays up D. Goes down slightly and stays down 25
Cycle Day Day of week Date Time 99.1
99.0
98.9
98.8
98.7
98.6
98.5
98.4
98.3
98.2
98.1
98.0
97.9
97.8
97.7
97.6
97.5
97.4
97.3
97.2
97.1
97.0
96.9
CM * Intercourse Cervical Mucus textures 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 * CM = cervical m ucus: P=period, D=dry, M =m ucus, E=eggw hite Notes:
(List any changes to your routine) 26
Cycle Day Day of week Date Time 99.1
99.0
98.9
98.8
98.7
98.6
98.5
98.4
98.3
98.2
98.1
98.0
97.9
97.8
97.7
97.6
97.5
97.4
97.3
97.2
97.1
97.0
96.9
CM * Intercourse Cervical Mucus textures 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 * CM = cervical m ucus: P=period, D=dry, M =m ucus, E=eggw hite Notes:
(List any changes to your routine) cervical secretions change throughout the cycle 27
Ann & Karen’s Conversation
“I didn’t watch out for those signs!” wailed Ann.
“Even if you did not, we can still calculate when you ovulated,” said Karen.
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CQ#10: Ann has a 32-day cycle. She will ovulate on day ___.
A. 6 B. 10 C. 12 D. 14 E. 18 29
24 – day cycle Menstrual phase 5 days 32 – 28 – day cycle day cycle Menstrual phase Menstrual phase 10 days 13 days Follicular phase Day 10 Day 14 Day 18 14 days 14 days 14 days Menstrual phase Menstrual phase Menstrual phase Luteal phase Ovulation 30
CQ#11: Within the female human body, sperm can survive up to:
A. 1 day B. 2 days C. 3 days D. 4 days E. 5 days 31
Ann & Karen’s Conversation
“So, I ovulated on day 18?” asked Ann .
“Yes you did,” confirmed Karen.
“Since we had sex on day 16, I have nothing to worry about,” said Ann with a sigh.
“Not necessarily,” said Karen. “A male’s sperm can stay alive in a female body for up to 5 days.” “You have got to be kidding,” whispered Ann in an appalled voice.
“But,” Karen pointed out, “you assumed you had a 28 day cycle when in fact yours is 32. So guess what? You’re not late,” stated Karen.
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Ann & Karen - Follow Up
A week later, Ann & Karen met for coffee again.
“I did not hear from you, so I assumed… Well…?” asked Karen picking up their conversation from the previous week.
“I got my period,” said Ann. “I never counted how many days were between my periods,” she admitted sheepishly. John & I are checking our options for family planning. I’m not ready yet to be a mom.” “At least you know your own body better now,” concluded Karen. “What kind of coffee do you want today? My treat.” 33
CQ#12: The length of a human menstrual cycle is __ days:
A. 20 B. 24 C. 28 D. 32 E. Any of the above 34
CQ#13: A woman has a 20-day cycle. She will ovulate on day__
A. 6 B. 10 C. 12 D. 14 E. 18 35
Slide Credits
Slide 10
Description: Schematic drawing of female reproductive organs, frontal view.
Source: Composite image derived from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg
and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_changes_in_ovary.svg
Author: Female anatomy drawing courtesy of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; inset of ovary by Wikimedia contributor Shazz Clearance: Female anatomy drawing is public domain; ovary inset is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
Slides 17 and 18
Description: Schematic of menstrual cycle events.
Source: Case author Author: Tamar L. Goulet Clearance: Used with permission.
Slide 20
Description: Diagram of the menstrual cycle.
Source: Wikimedia Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MenstrualCycle2_en.svg
Author: Wikimedia contributor Isometrik Clearance: This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
Slide 24
Description: Basal body temperature and cervical mucus chart--sample.
Source: ©BabyCenter LLC Link: http://assets.babycenter.com/ims/Content/bbt_sample_chart.pdf
Clearance: Used with permission.
Slide 27
Description: Three line drawings of hands showing cervical secretions.
Source: Fertility UK ( http://www.fetilityuk.org
), “Recognising the Changes in Cervical Secretions” (http://fertilityuk.org/nfps401.html) Clearance: Used with permission of Jane Knight, Fertility Nurse Specialist, Fertility UK
Slide 30
Description: Schematic showing multiple cycles involved in the menstrual cycle.
Source: Case author Author: Tamar L. Goulet Clearance: Used with permission.
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