Transcript Benefits of Idle Reduction

Introduction
 EPA standards for fuel economy and
harmful emissions
 Health and environmental effects of
hydrocarbon fuel combustion
 Idle reduction
 Immediate savings after implementation
 Reduced consumption of foreign oil
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Lesson 1:
Introduction to Idle
Reduction
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Objectives
 Describe what idle reduction is
 Explain the basic history of idle reduction
strategies and technologies
 Describe how implementing idle reduction
strategies will benefit health and the
environment
 Explain the economic benefits associated with
idle reduction
 Describe what energy security is and how idle
reduction affects it
4
Definition of Idle Reduction
 Petroleum and emissions reduction
technologies and strategies
 Idle = speed at which ICEs rotate under
no throttle or load
 Tachometer displays engine speed (6001,000 rpm)
 Smooth engine operation during
acceleration from stop and adequate oil
pressure
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 Transportation and convenience idling
 Technologies, policies, strategies to reduce
engine idle time
 Strategies and technologies to reduce both
transportation and convenience idling
Figure 1: The engine tachometer showing a vehicle’s idle speed. Source: NAFTC.
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Did You Know?
Idling a vehicle may allow for the
comforts of heat or A/C and the
operation of accessories such as radios
or other multimedia, but when your
vehicle is idling, your fuel economy
when not in motion is 0 mpg.
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Basic History of Idle Reduction
 ICEs in use since the early 20th century
 Old = mechanical carburetors/fuel
pumping systems
 New = electronic throttle, high pressure
fuel system, electronic fuel injection
 Idling vehicles produce no propulsion but
still consume fuel and produce emissions
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Pre-heating, pre-cooling for comfort
Idling while waiting for traffic, etc.
Load from accessories
Long-haul trucks may idle up to 300 nights
a year
 Non-driving time requirements
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Policies for Idle Reduction
 U.S. EPA emissions and CAFE fuel economy
standards
 More attention is being paid to emissions
produced from idling
 Federal tax exemptions for heavy-duty trucks
 New vehicles and aftermarket products
 Clean Cities program, SmartWay
Transportation, Clean School Bus USA
partnership, and others
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Figure 2: States that have policies or incentives to implement idle reduction technologies. Source: AFDC.
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 State enacted policies and idle limitations
 Local and city government regulations
 School bus emissions at
idle
 Amount of fuel used per
idle time
 Reduced idling =
immediate fuel savings
Figure 3: School bus at idle, consuming fuel and
producing emissions. Source: EPA.
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Did You Know?
Idling a car for one hour consumes
about one gallon of fuel.
Source: http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/myths/idling.html.
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Idle Reduction Today
 Cleaner, healthier planet
 Improved fuel efficiency and reduced
emissions
 Innovative technologies, specialized
technicians
 Technologies and strategies implemented
by both manufacturers and consumers
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Consumer Idle Reduction Strategies
 Any reduction in idle time can save fuel and
reduce emissions
 Idling during in-city driving
 Avoiding congested areas
 Limit idle time for convenience
 Immediate fuel savings
15
Manufacturer Idle Reduction
 New technologies, improved fuel economy,
and reduced emissions
 Light-, medium-, and heavy-duty vehicle fuel
savings
 Idle shutoff functions,
mild hybrid technologies
 APUs for long haul trucks
 TSE implementation
Figure 4: Driver in a long haul truck utilizing a type of
TSE. Source: IdleAir.
16
Did You Know?
Truck idling uses approximately 3 billion gallons of fuel
per year
• Approximately 1 billion gallons for overnight idling
• Roughly 2 billion gallons for workday idling
Every hour a truck idles unnecessarily is equivalent to
about 8 to 10 miles of on-road driving.
Source: Argonne National Laboratory.
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Why Consider Idle Reduction?
Personal and environmental health
Financial and fuel economy improvements
Technologies manufacturing and service
Implementation by both consumers and
fleets
 Immediate reductions in fuel consumption
and emissions
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Advantages of Idle Reduction
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Reduced fuel consumption
Fewer vehicle emissions
Lower operating costs
Increased engine life
No-cost implementation
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Additional Points to Consider
 Possible capital investment
 Personal convenience may be compromised
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Benefits of Idle Reduction
 Health and environmental benefits
 Reduced fuel costs - economics
 Reduced dependence on foreign oil –
energy security
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Health Benefits
 Combustion of fuels produces harmful
emissions
 Creation of PM
 Respiratory and cardiovascular
complications
 Idle reduction reduces vehicle emissions
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Environmental Benefits
 Emissions negatively affect the
environment
 GHG formation, climate change
 Idle reduction = reduced emissions
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Economic Benefits
 Excessive idling = unnecessary financial
loss
 Industry opportunity for implementation
of idle reduction technologies
 Reduced consumption = financial benefit
for all drivers
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Energy Security Benefits
 Reduced idling = reduced fuel
consumption
 Reduced fuel consumption = reduced
reliance on foreign oil
 Nearly half of all petroleum used in the
U.S. is imported
25
Upon completing this lesson, can you:
 Describe what idle reduction is?
 Explain the basic history of idle reduction
strategies and technologies?
 Describe how implementing idle reduction
strategies will benefit health and the
environment?
 Explain the economic benefits associated with
idle reduction?
 Describe what energy security is and how idle
reduction affects it?
26
Test Your Knowledge
1. True or False: Engine speeds of idling
engines under no load are typically 6001,000 rotations per minute (rpm).
2. What does the acronym TSE stand for and
how does it relate to idle reduction?
3. A passenger car that is idles for one hour
consumes about ___ gallon(s) of fuel.
4. True or False: Vehicles that are idling while
not moving have a fuel economy of 0 miles
per gallon (MPG).
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Lesson 2:
Idle Reduction Policies,
Infrastructure, and
Sustainability
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Objectives
 Describe federal, state, and local policies on
idle reduction
 Explain how both manufacturers and
consumers can implement idle reduction
strategies
 Explain the need for distribution of knowledge
and possible infrastructure changes to assist in
idle reduction
 Describe how idle reduction relates to
sustainability and cost efficiency
29
Idle Reduction Policies
 Reduced allowable emissions from vehicles
 CAFE fuel economy standards for
passenger cars and trucks
 New goals implemented by the Obama
administration
 Fuel economy gains of more than 5% per
year
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Figure 5: New standards for light-duty vehicles in order to meet 2016 compliance. Source: EPA.
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Figure 6: Compression-ignition engine emissions limits. Source: EPA.
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Testing Procedures
 Pre-defined test cycles for light- and heavyduty vehicles
 Dynamometer vehicle testing
 Fuel waste and emissions from overnight idling
 New technology development
 Strict standards and timelines
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Figure 7: Test cycles for fuel economy and emissions of light-duty vehicles. Source: EPA.
34
Federal Idle Reduction Programs
 Clean Cities program
 Reduce petroleum consumption
 Offers educational workshops, grants, program
development assistance
 SmartWay
 Partnership between government and industry
 Financing options for fuel-saving and emission
reducing technologies
35
Clean School Bus USA
 Partnership between EPA and private
organizations
 Reduce children’s exposure to school bus
emissions
 Limit school bus idling
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For more information on Clean Cities initiatives
in your area, visit:
www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities.
For more information on a SmartWay program,
visit:
http://www.epa.gov/smartway/index.htm
To learn more about another DOE idle
reduction project, visit:
http://www.the-step-project.org
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State Programs
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Individual regulations and incentives
Incentives often based on vehicle weight
Truck stop electrification (TSE) development
Maximum idling time per hour
Specific grant programs for idle reduction
implementation
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To learn about other states laws, visit
http:/www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/state.
And
http://www.atri-online.org/2012/01/01/idlingregulations-compendium/.
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Local
 Maximum idle time in public places
 Idle time may vary by location, proximity to
certain businesses
Figure 8: Idle-Free Tennessee Program. Source: East Tennessee Clean Fuels Coalition.
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Manufacturer Implementation
 New technologies help light- duty
manufacturers reach CAFE/EPA standards
 Light- and medium-duty mild hybrid
implementation
 Heavy-duty idle timer use
 Auxiliary power units (APUs)
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Consumer Implementation
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Purchase of new technologies/vehicles
Understand how the vehicle operates
Minimum warm-up/cool-down times
Planning trips/avoiding traffic congestion
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Distribution and Infrastructure
 Distribution of Knowledge
 Strategies are implemented on vehicles that
are already in use
 Easily adapted for advanced technology
vehicles
 Immediate fuel and emissions reductions
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Infrastructure
 Some strategies requires no infrastructure
development
 Mild hybrid, HEV, EV production already in
place
 Heavy-duty sector development
 APUs, TSE (possibility for up to 5,000 TSE sites)
 Utilization of electricity over petroleum
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Sustainability
 Completely sustainable practices
 Small changes can affect fuel consumption
 Less dependence on foreign oil supplies
 Remember overnight commercial truck idling
consumes about 1 billion gallons a fuel a year
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Cost Efficiency
 Immediate fuel savings
 Strategies can be implemented at no cost
 Technology investment may be offset by tax
incentives and fuel savings
The Future of Idle Reduction
 Necessary part of achieving higher fuel
economy ratings
 Evolution from options to standard equipment
46
Upon completing this lesson, can you:
 Describe federal, state, and local policies on
idle reduction?
 Explain how both manufacturers and
consumers can implement idle reduction
strategies?
 Explain the need for distribution of knowledge
and possible infrastructure changes to assist in
idle reduction?
 Describe how idle reduction relates to
sustainability and cost efficiency?
47
Test Your Knowledge
1.
2.
3.
4.
True or False: The Clean Cities and SmartWay
transportation programs are examples of federal
programs that address benefits of idle reduction.
In West Virginia, a heavy-duty vehicle may not operate
more than ________ minutes within a sixty minute
period.
The EPA estimates that overnight idling of long- haul
trucks consumes 1 (thousand, million, billion) gallons of
fuel annually.
True or False: Additions in TSE could provide up to
64 electrified truck stops nationwide.
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Lesson 3:
Idle Reduction
Technologies and
Strategies
49
Objectives
 Explain some of the technologies and
strategies that are utilized for idle reduction in
the heavy-duty vehicle sector
 Explain some of the technologies and
strategies that are utilized for idle reduction in
the light- and medium-duty vehicle sector
 Describe the safety, performance, and
maintenance of vehicles that utilize idle
reduction technologies
 Describe some of the vehicles available with
idle reduction technologies already in place
50
Heavy-Duty Idle Reduction
 Long-haul commercial freight carriers
 Rest/driving requirements set by the U.S.
DOT
 Average truck idles more than 1,400 hours
annually
 Technology, strategy developments to
reduce idle time
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Strategies
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No up-front implementation cost
State-enforced anti-idling laws
Bus loading/unloading
Warm-up and cool-down procedures may
require idle time
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Technologies
 Truck Stop Electrification (TSE)
Electrified parking spots at
truck stops
Enable drivers to meet rest
requirements without idling
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To find an electrified truck stop in
your region, the DOE hosts a site
locator searchable by zip code. It
can be found at
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/locator/tse.
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Technologies
 Truck Stop Electrification (TSE)
 Single-system vs. dual-system
 Single-system offers heating, A/C, electricity, internet, cable
 Unit is placed in passenger window
 Offers connectivity and comfort features
 Dual-system requires
onboard equipment for
each truck
 Driver plugs truck in to
the electrical outlet to
power onboard
equipment – known as “shore power”
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Figure 9: Long-haul trucks using truck stop electrification. Source: EPA.
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Technologies
 Onboard Equipment
 Powered by external electrical source or existing fuel
system
 Use is more efficient than allowing the engine to idle
 Onboard Heating
 Direct-fired = small furnaces
 Consumes only a small amount
of fuel per hour
 Coolant heaters = heat
transfer system
 Can be used to heat cabin and
warm engine in cold climates
Figure 10: Direct-fired heater installed in a
long haul truck. Source: DOT.
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Technologies
 Onboard Cooling
 Thermal storage, battery-electric air conditioners
 Thermal storage: energy is stored during normal
operation, used at a later time to cool cab
 Battery-electric air conditioners: powered by
onboard batteries that are charged at truck stops
 Both produce zero local emissions
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Technologies
 Auxiliary Power Units (APUs)
 Small vehicle-mounted
systems
 Electrical generator powered
by an internal combustion
engine
 Heat recapture from ICE
 Powers accessories, HVAC
 Rechargeable battery packs
Figure 11: Auxiliary power unit attached behind
the fuel tank of a long haul truck. Source: IdleAir.
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Light- and Medium-Duty Idle Reduction
 Over 234 million light-duty vehicles
registered in 2010
 Implementation of idle reduction strategies
can have drastic effects
 Enormous potential for reduced fuel
consumption
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Strategies
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Provide immediate fuel savings
Modern vehicle warm-up functions
Extended idling situations
Engine operation at higher speeds
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Technologies
 Research is being conducted
 Advancements help reduce fuel consumption
 Block Heaters
 Use grid power to maintain engine temperature
 Operate on standard 120VAC outlet
 Reduces ‘necessary’ idle time
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 Mild Hybrids
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Idle shutoff function
Small battery pack and motor/generator (MG)
Used only for short amounts of time
Reduce idle time by shutting ICE off
 Other Idle Shutoff Technologies
 Advanced engine technologies reduce amount of
energy needed to restart engine
 Conventional starters
 Micro-hybrids
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Vehicle Maintenance, Performance, and
Safety
 Similar if not the same as conventional
vehicles
 Regular scheduled maintenance
 Same performance, reduced fuel consumption
 Same safety systems as conventional vehicles
64
Upon completing this lesson, can you:
 Explain some of the technologies and
strategies that are utilized for idle reduction in
the heavy-duty vehicle sector?
 Explain some of the technologies and
strategies that are utilized for idle reduction in
the light-duty vehicle sector?
 Describe the safety, performance, and
maintenance of vehicles that utilize idle
reduction technologies?
 Describe some of the vehicles available with
idle reduction technologies already in place?
65
Test Your Knowledge
1. True or False: The only idle reduction
option for light-duty consumers is to
purchase new mild hybrid vehicles.
2. What does the acronym APU stand for?
3. _____________ heaters are like small
furnaces that can be used to heat the cabs of
long-haul trucks.
4. True or False: Commercial truckers are
required to take minimum amounts of rest
time from driving each day.
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