Transcript Subpart E

Personal Protective Equipment
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for guidance purposes only. You should independently verify and satisfy yourself as to its accuracy. The AHBSIF does
not assume any liability for damages arising from the use of this information or exhibits and attachments thereto and
renders no opinion that any of the terms, conditions, and/or cited federal standards in this document and the exhibits
and attachments should be explicitly followed by the fund member. Seek specific guidance from the appropriate
regulator (OSHA) or professional advisor.
Personal Protective Equipment
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) must be maintained
and provided by the employer when necessary as of May
15, 2008.
 OSHA now requires employers to pay for personal
protective equipment used to comply with OSHA
standards.
 The PPE employers must provide is not specified, but the
rule does indentify what must be paid for.
 Employers cannot require workers to provide their own PPE
and the worker’s use of PPE they already own must be
completely voluntary.
 If an employee provides his/her own equipment, the
employer is still responsible to make sure it is adequate
and well maintained.

Personal Protective Equipment

Employers must do the following when providing
PPE:
 Assess the hazards of the workplace to identify and
control physical and health hazards.
 Identify and provide appropriate PPE for employees.
 Train employees in the use and care of the PPE.
 Maintaining PPE, including replacing worn
or damaged equipment.
 Periodically review, update and evaluate the
effectiveness of the PPE.
Personal Protective Equipment

Items Employers must pay for:
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Metatarsal foot protection
Rubber boots with steel toes
Non-prescription eye protection
Prescription eyewear inserts/lenses for full face
respirators
Goggles and face shields
Fire fighting PPE (helmet, gloves, boots, proximity suits,
full gear)
Hard hats
Hearing protection
Welding PPE
Personal Protective Equipment

Items Employers are not required to pay for:
 Steel-toe boots
 Prescription safety eyewear if worn off the job site.
 Non uniform work clothes including long-sleeve shirts,
long pants, street shoes, and normal work boots.
 Weather protection clothing, including winter coats,
jackets, gloves, parkas, rubber boots, hats, raincoats,
ordinary sunglasses, and sunscreen.
 Lifting belts.
 Intentionally lost or damaged the PPE.
Definitions

PEL – Permissible Exposure Limit
 Regulatory limits on the concentration of a substance in
the air.
 Based on an 8-hour time weighted average

STEL – Short Term Exposure Limit
 The maximum concentration of a chemical or dust to
which workers may be exposed continuously for up to
15 minutes without danger to health

TWA – Time Weighted Average
 The average exposure to a contaminant/condition (ex:
noise) to which workers may be exposed without
adverse effect per 8-hour day or 40-hour week
Definitions
 TLV
– Threshold Limit Value
 The level at which a worker can be exposed day
after day for a working lifetime without adverse
health effects.
 Values are reported in units of parts per million
(PPM) or milligrams per cubic centimeter
(mg/m³) of air
Definitions
 TLV,
3 Types
 (TLV-TWA) Time Weighted Average
►Average
exposure on the basis of a 8-hour day or
40-hour work week
 (TLV-STEL) Short Term Exposure Limit
►Spot
exposure for a duration of 15 minutes, that
cannot be repeated more than four times per day
 (TLV-C) Ceiling
►Absolute
exposure limit that should not be exceeded
at any one time
Definitions
 Physical
agents and chemical substances
have TLV’s
 OSHA regulatory exposure limits (PEL) are
mostly based off TLV’s published in 1968,
many are not considered sufficiently
protective.
 NIOSH publishes Recommended Exposure
Limits (REL) which are more current and
more stringent
OSHA PEL vs. NIOSH REL
Substance
Carbon Dioxide
Silica
Asphalt Fumes
Cadmium
OSHA PEL
TWA
9000 mg/m³
NIOSH REL
TWA
9000 mg/m³
30 mg/m³
6 mg/m³
None
5 mg/m³
0.005 mg/cm³
None
Respiratory Protection
 Construction
and
Industry
Standards are
identical
 Employer must
choose the right
application for the
job.
Structure of the Lung
Air enters through
mouth and nasal
passages
 Alveoli are responsible
for carrying oxygen to
the blood stream
 Oxygen diffuses into
blood and is
exchanged for carbon
dioxide

Equipment Selection

Assigned Protection Factor (APF)
 Expected level of employee protection

Maximum Use Concentration (MUC)
 Maximum concentration from which an employee can be
protected from when wearing a respirator

Respiratory hazards may be present in the
workplace in different forms
Dust and Fiber
Mists
Fumes
Vapors
Gases
Biological Hazards
Respiratory Protection
Dust Masks are for
nuisance dusts
only.
Respirators are
made to filter
harmful
contaminants from
the air.
Self Contained
Breathing Apparatus
(SCBA) is suitable for
atmospheres that are
both oxygen deficient
and contain harmful
contaminants.
Respiratory Protection
 Employees
that have to wear
respirators must receive the following:
Pulmonary Function Test
Respirator Fit Testing
Education on devices capabilities
Storage, cleaning, and regular inspection
procedures
Regularly monitored work area and
conditions
Respirator Fit Testing

Quantitative
 A pass/fail test to assess
respirator fit.
 Relies on the individual's
response to the test agent.
(recognizable scents)

Qualitative
 Assesses a respirator’s
effectiveness by numerically
measuring the amount of
leakage into the respirator.
Respirator Fit Testing
1.
2.
3.


Adjust straps and other connecting or fitting devices so
that face seal is snug but comfortable.
Positive Pressure Test: Place hand over blowout
diaphragm and exhale, the mask should first expand,
then release around the face seal.
Negative Pressure Test: Place hands over the cartridges
and inhale, the mask should collapse into the face.
If no leaks are discovered, and wearer can sense no
surrounding odors, mask is fitted properly.
Facial hair that interferes with a proper seal is prohibited.
Common Job-Site Respiratory
Exposures
 Pressure treated
wood
 Blown cellulose
insulation
 Pesticides
 Sheetrock
 Masonry silica
exposures
 Block
 Brick
 Sand
Crystalline Silica
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Basic component of sand, granite, and other
minerals
Classified as a human lung carcinogen
Respirable dust enters the lung and forms scar
tissue
Lung’s capacity to process oxygen is reduced
Effects of silicosis include reduced lung capacity,
weakness, severe weight loss, and death
Foot Protection
Safety footwear must
comply with ANSI Z41.1
 Required for:

 Any material handling
process where
something could be
dropped on the foot
 Bulk material handling
processes
 Work around sharp
objects that could
penetrate and puncture
foot
Traffic Vests
ANSI/ISEA 107-2010
► Garments are classified by the amount of retroreflective material per the
standard, the width and placement of the material, and design & color of
vest.
► Class 3:
 Highest level of visibility.
 For workers with high task loads in a wide range of weather conditions where
traffic exceeds 50 mph.
 Recommended for all roadway construction personnel, vehicle operators,
utility workers, survey crews, emergency responders, railway workers,
accident site investigators.
► Class 2:
 For workers near roadways where traffic exceeds 25 mph and require greater
visibility in inclement weather.
 Recommended for railway workers, school crossing guards, parking and toll
gate personnel, airport ground, law enforcement directing traffic.
► Class 1:
 For workers where traffic does not exceed 25 mph and there is ample
separation from the traffic.
 Recommended for parking service attendants, warehouse workers in
equipment traffic, shopping cart retrieval, sidewalk maintenance.
Traffic Vests
ANSI/ISEA 107-2010
► Class 3:
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Greatest visibility of the three classes (most reflective material).
Must have sleeves with retroreflective material between the shoulders and elbow.
Table 1 provides minimum areas of background and coverage of the retroreflective material.
Retroreflective material shall not be less than 50mm wide.
► Class 2:
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More visibility than Class 1
Retroreflective material shall be not less than 35mm wide.
► Class 1:
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These garments need to be conspicuous
Retroreflective materials shall not be less than 25mm wide.
► Class E:
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When hi-visibility pants are worn without other ANSI 107 compliant garments, they are
considered Class E.
When pants are added to Class 2 or 3 vests or coats the ensemble is considered a Class 3
classification.
► There are charts and figures in the standard that give the minimum requirements for
retroreflectivity (chromaticity) and luminance (color of vest) combinations that are
acceptable.

The luminous colors that are used and accepted as long as they meet the minimum standard are
fluorescent yellow-green, fluorescent orange-red, and fluorescent red.
Traffic Vests
Class 3
Class 2
Class 1
Head Protection
 All hard hats must comply with ANSI standard
Z89.1, and Z89.2 for employees exposed to high
voltage electric shock.
 Bump Caps are not acceptable for construction
use under these standards.
Head Protection
 Employees must wear hard hats if there is
any possibility of;
 Being struck by an object falling from a higher level
 A flying object
 Electrical shock
Head Protection
Class A
► General service (building construction, shipbuilding,
lumbering)
► Good impact protection but limited voltage protection
Class B
► Electrical / Utility work
► Protects against falling objects and high-voltage shock and
burns
Class C
► Designed for comfort, offers limited protection
► Protects against bumps from fixed objects, but does not
protect against falling objects or electrical shock
Hearing Protection
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Engineering and Administrative controls
should be applied when feasible.
Ear plugs must be fitted under the
direction of a competent person.
If you are arms length from the person
talking to you and cannot hear them, its
time for hearing protection!
Structure of the Ear
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Sound enters the canal
and creates movement
in the middle ear.
Movements are
transferred to the inner
ear via fluids.
Hair like structures
called cilia convert
movements to
perceptible sound.
Three Components of Hearing
Sound
 A sound can be intermittent or continuous or a
combination of both.
 Intensity is also a factor.
Path
 Distance, terrain, and medium of travel play a part.
Receiver
 The average unimpaired hearing range of a person is 20
to 20,000 Hz
Facts and Numbers
85 decibels is considered the “Action Level” or the
level at which an employee must be enrolled in a HCP
(hearing conservation program) and notified of their
results.
 The permissible exposure level for a time weighted
average over an eight hour period is 90 decibels.
 The level at which dual hearing protection must be
worn is 105 decibels.
 The maximum allowable exposure level at any one
time during the shift is 115 decibels.

Permissible Noise Exposures
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Are my employees
overexposed?
Use this Formula;
 D=100(C/T)
►D
= Percentage Dose
► 100 = Constant
► C = Hours of Exposure
► T = Allowable Hours per day
at specified dbA)
►
If Percentage Dose exceeds
100, too much exposure
Duration/Day,
Hours
Sound Level
dBA
8
90
6
92
4
95
3
97
2
100
1.5
102
1
105
½
110
¼ or less
115
Noise Exposure Calculation
►
EXAMPLE:
 A technician works in a noise enclosure booth with a noise exposure of less
than 70 dBA. The technician makes rounds to read gauges and
instruments that are located in an area with a noise level of 105 dBA. The
technician makes four trips a day, and each trip lasts 30 minutes. What is
the employee’s noise exposure?
►
Calculate:
 D=100(C/T)
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C = 2 Hours (Four 30min trips)
T = 1, (1 Hour at 105 dBA)
100 x (2/1) = 200%
Exposure:
 With four trips a day and 30 minutes per trip, the employee is exposed to
two hours of noise at 105 dBA with the remaining time spent inside the
booth. His exposure is twice the recommended limit. Time for hearing
protection!
Components of a Hearing
Conservation Program
 Monitoring
 Hearing
Protection
 Audiometric Testing
 Training
 Record Keeping
Audiometric Testing
Required for all employees that
work in an environment where
TWA is >85 dbA
 Participant is exposed to a range
of sounds
 Testing establishes a baseline for
employee hearing
 Conducted pre-hire and annually,
results must be kept on file
 A standard threshold shift is
described as 10 decibels in either
ear.

Muffs vs. Plugs
 Product
will have
a Noise
Reduction Rating
or NRR
 Rating indicates
the performance
of the device
Muffs
Plugs
Average NRR for devices shown:
28.66
Average NRR for devices shown:
23.66
Calculating Noise Reduction using
the NRR
When C-weighted sound level measurement is
available, the following formula should be used to
calculate the required NRR
 Noise Level in dB(C) - Protector NRR = 90 dB(A)
or less.
 When A-weighted sound level measurement is
available, the following formula should be used to
calculate the required NRR.
 Noise Level in dB(A) - (Protector NRR - 7 dB) = 90
dB(A) or less

How to insert an Ear Plug
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Grab the top/back of the ear.
Gently pull up and backward.
(If disposable foam) Roll the
plug between the forefinger
and thumb until it is completely
compressed.
Gently slide the plug in the ear
canal.
(If disposable foam) Let the
plug expand.
Typical A-weighted Sound Levels
Threshold of Hearing
 Shop Vacuum
 Jackhammer
 Table Mounted Router
 Pneumatic Trim Nailer
 Circular Saw 7 ¼”
 Pneumatic Nail Gun
 Threshold of Pain

0 dB
75 dB
95 dB
100 dB
105 dB
115 dB
120 dB
140 dB
Eye & Face Protection
 All
eye and face
equipment must comply
with ANSI Z87.1
standards.
 Employers must provide
protection when
employees are exposed
to any and all potential
flying debris.
 ANSI compliant side
shields applied to
conventional glasses do
not make them safety
glasses!
Structure of the Eye
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Pupil – Allows light to enter
the retina
Rod – Handle peripheral and
low light vision
Cones - Responsible for color
sensitivity
Retina – Captures image and
sends it to the Optic Nerve
Iris – Controls the size of the
Pupil
Lens – Reflects light to be
focused on the retina
Cornea – Transparent outer
cover of the eye
Optic Nerve – Transfers
image to brain
Eye & Face Protection
The
standard covers general eye protection, eye
protection for welding, and laser applications.
Tables E-1, E-2, and E-3 tell us minimum
performance requirements for our applications.
Hand Protection
► Must
be durable and
resist the conditions of
use
► Glove should not
restrict dexterity
required for task
► Employee must be
educated on
capabilities of
equipment
Conditions for Glove Use
► Burns
► Bruises
► Abrasions
► Cuts
► Punctures
► Fractures
► Amputations
► Chemical
Exposures
Glove Types
► Metal
mesh, leather, or canvas
 Protects from cuts, burns, heat
► Fabric
and coated fabric gloves
 Protects from dirt and abrasion
► Chemical
and liquid resistant gloves
 Protects from burns, irritation, and dermatitis
► Rubber
gloves
 Protects from cuts, lacerations, and abrasions
Safety Harnesses
 Body belt use has been
outlawed.
 Harness should be
properly adjusted to fit the
employee.
 Never use positioning
devices as primary means
of tie-off.
 Always have a plan for
retrieving a “hanging”
worker.
Lanyards
 Choose the right lanyard for the task at hand.
 Static w/ shock absorber
 Retractable
 Nylon Rope or Steel Cable
 Double legged for 100% tie-off transitions
► Must
be equipped with double action snap hooks
► May not be tied off on to itself unless designed for
such use
Tie-Off Anchorage
Anchorage point must withstand a 5000lb. static
load.
 One man per anchorage point unless the
instructions for the component state otherwise.
 Numerous options for construction industry

 Safe-T-Strap
 Cross Arm Straps
 Super Anchor
 Reusable Metal Brackets w/hardware