Transcript Helicopter EGPWS

Controlled Flight into Terrain
(CFIT) Accidents in HEMS &
Offshore Operations
&
Helicopters EGPWS (H-TAWS)
Yasuo Ishihara
Sr. Principal Engineer
Honeywell International
Flight Safety Systems
U.S. Rotorcraft Accidents
Top Operational Causes of Fatal Rotorcraft Accidents
1994 - 2003
25
20
15
PART 91
PART 133
PART 135
PART 137
10
5
International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada,
September 26 - 29, 2005
Over Gross Weight
Loss of Tail Rotor
Effectiveness
Personnel walk into
Rotor
Tail Rotor
Strike/Loss of
Control
Abrupt Control
Movement
Low Rotor RPM
Unknown
Flight into
Terrain/Water VMC
Flight into
Terrain/Water
IMC/Night
Wire/Object Strike
0
Source: FAA Accident Incident Database
Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS
Yasuo Ishihara
U.S. Helicopter CFIT Accidents
U.S. Helicopter CFIT Accidents
1992 - 2004
12
10
8
6
Part 135
Part 91
4
2
0
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Year
Based on accidents in U.S. between 1992 - 2004 (NTSB Accident Database)
International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada,
September 26 - 29, 2005
Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS
Yasuo Ishihara
U.S. Helicopter CFIT Accidents
Based on accidents in U.S. between 1992 - 2004 (NTSB Accident Database)
International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada,
September 26 - 29, 2005
Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS
Yasuo Ishihara
U.S. EMS Helicopter CFIT Accidents
U.S. EMS Helicopter CFIT Accidents
1992 - 2004
6
5
4
Part 135
3
Part 91
2
1
0
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Year
Based on accidents in U.S. between 1992 - 2004 (NTSB Accident Database)
International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada,
September 26 - 29, 2005
Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS
Yasuo Ishihara
U.S. EMS Helicopter CFIT Accidents
Based on accidents in U.S. between 1992 - 2004 (NTSB Accident Database)
International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada,
September 26 - 29, 2005
Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS
Yasuo Ishihara
Terrain Awareness Display
50% Red
+500’
50% Yellow
0’
Aircraft Alt
Highest elevation
within the display
(x 100 Feet)
25% Yellow
50% Green
-250’
-500’
16% Green
Lower Elevation #
Green/Black Interface (MSL)
-1500’
Black
Green/Black
Interface
(x 100 Feet)
CYAN - Bodies of Water
International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada,
September 26 - 29, 2005
Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS
Yasuo Ishihara
Terrain Awareness Display
At 2,500 Feet
At 3,000 Feet
At 3,500 Feet
International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada,
September 26 - 29, 2005
Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS
Yasuo Ishihara
Look Ahead Algorithm
FLIGHT PATH ANGLE
(FPA)
TERRAIN
CLEARANCE
FLOOR
WARNING
AREA
CAUTION
AREA
WARNING LOOK AHEAD DISTANCE
CAUTION LOOK AHEAD DISTANCE
WARNING LOOK UP DISTANCE
CAUTION LOOK UP DISTANCE
STARTING WIDTH = 280 ft
International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada,
September 26 - 29, 2005
CENTER TINE
POINTS ALONG GROUND TRACK
PLUS A LEAD ANGLE DURING TURNS
Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS
Yasuo Ishihara
Terrain Database
International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada,
September 26 - 29, 2005
Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS
Yasuo Ishihara
Low Altitude Mode
• Low Altitude Mode
Near a hill/mountain
In a valley
Low level flight (Below 500’ AGL)
International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada,
September 26 - 29, 2005
Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS
Yasuo Ishihara
Inhibit
• Terrain / Audio Inhibit
– Disable TERR alert/warning
– Leave TERR Display ON
Close proximity to terrain / obstacle
International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada,
September 26 - 29, 2005
Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS
Yasuo Ishihara
Other Modes
TERRAIN
TERRAIN
SINK RATE
PULL UP
DON'T SINK
PULL UP
Mode 1 - Excessive Descent
Rate
Mode 2 - Excessive Terrain
Closure Rate
Glideslope Beam
Center
TOO LOW TERRAIN
Glideslope
"TOO LOW TERRAIN"
Mode 3 - Descent After
Takeoff
Glideslope
"TOO LOW GEAR"
Runway/Helipad
Mode 4 - Terrain Clearance
Mode 5 - Glideslope
International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada,
September 26 - 29, 2005
Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS
Yasuo Ishihara
Other Modes
MINIMUMS
MINIMUMS
ONE HUNDRED
BANK ANGLE
TAIL TOO LOW
TAIL TOO LOW
Mode 6 - Altitude Callout
Mode 6 – Bank Angle
International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada,
September 26 - 29, 2005
Mode 6 – Tail Strike
Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS
Yasuo Ishihara
Installation Example (EFIS Display)
International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada,
September 26 - 29, 2005
Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS
Yasuo Ishihara
Installation Example (Multi-Function Display)
International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada,
September 26 - 29, 2005
Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS
Yasuo Ishihara
Accidents
EMS & Offshore
Helicopter CFIT
Accidents
(Simulation)
International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada,
September 26 - 29, 2005
Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS
Yasuo Ishihara
2000 BK-117 (Day - VFR Cruise) - U.S.A.
Probable Accident Profile
600
Caution Obstacle
Warning Obstacle
500
300
200
Altitude / Elevation (ft)
400
100
0
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Distance from Impact (nm)
International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada,
September 26 - 29, 2005
Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS
Yasuo Ishihara
2000 BK-117 (Day - VFR Cruise) - U.S.A.
International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada,
September 26 - 29, 2005
Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS
Yasuo Ishihara
2004 S-76 (Night - VMC) – Gulf of Mexico
Probable Accident Profile
600
500
Altitude Altitude
400
Caution Terrain
Time to Impact = 97 sec
300
Warning Terrain
Time to Impact = 84 sec
200
Altitude / Elevation (ft)
Time to Impact = 160 sec
100
Assuming DH Bug was set at 400 feet
0
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Distance to Impact (nm)
International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada,
September 26 - 29, 2005
Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS
Yasuo Ishihara
2004 Bell 407 (Night - VMC Cruise) - U.S.A.
Probable aircraft track
International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada,
September 26 - 29, 2005
Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS
Yasuo Ishihara
2004 Bell 407 (Night - VMC Cruise) - U.S.A.
Probable Accident Profile
10000
9500
Caution Terrain
Warning Terrain
9000
8500
7500
7000
Altitude / Elevation (ft)
8000
6500
6000
5500
5000
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
Distance to Impact (nm)
International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada,
September 26 - 29, 2005
Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS
Yasuo Ishihara
2004 Bell 407 (Night - VMC Cruise) - U.S.A.
International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada,
September 26 - 29, 2005
Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS
Yasuo Ishihara
Summary & Recommendations
• CFIT accidents can occur:
– during day and night
– in VMC and IMC
– over a flat terrain/ocean and in mountainous location
– regardless of pilot’s experience level
• With proper pilot training, Helicopter EGPWS (HTAWS) can provide a high level of situational
awareness by:
– Terrain Awareness Display
– Look-Ahead warning algorithm
– Mode 1 through 6
International Helicopter Safety Symposium 2005, Montreal, QC, Canada,
September 26 - 29, 2005
Helicopter CFIT Accidents & Helicopter EGPWS
Yasuo Ishihara