Transcript About Euratom
About Euratom
Piotr SZYMANSKI, Director Nuclear Safeguards DG ENERGY, European Commission CEOC Conference, EU Energy Policy – „New Challenges for Third Party Inspection and Certification Bodies“, 30.05.2011
Overview
• Purpose of this presentation • Treaties: foundation of the EU • Euratom Treaty and examples of its application – Nuclear safeguards – Nuclear safety • EU response to Fukushima accident nuclear power plants stress tests
Purpose of this presentation
• Remind you about the EU legal basis to help in following current developments • Tell (remind) you about the Euratom Treaty • Show examples of the Commission‘s work in the nuclear field
Integration – what does it mean?
Multinational integration process : Independent entities (e.g. states) through Voluntary binding measures (e.g. treaties) establish Common institutions (e.g. Commission) to develop Common policies (e.g. on energy) pursuing Common goals and serving common interests (e.g. protect the environment)
Treaties and history of the EU
1948 Brussels (1948) 1952 1958 1967 1987 European Coal and Steel Community
(ECSC)
European Atomic Energy Community
(EAEC=EURATOM )
European Economic Community
(EEC) ▲
European Communities
▲
European Political Cooperation (EPC) Western European Union (WEU) Paris (1952) Rome (1958) Brussels (1967) SEA (1987)
Treaties and history of the EU
1993 1999 2003 2009 … European Atomic Energy Community
(EAEC or EURATOM )
European Coal & Steel Community
(ECSC)
European Community
(EC)
European Union Justice & Home Affairs
(JHA)
Police & Judicial co-operation in criminal matters
(PJCC)
Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) WEU Maastricht (1993) Amsterdam (1999) Nice (2003) Lisbon (2009) (EU) (EU) … …
Structure of the EU
European Union (=TEU, TFEU, Charter) Treaty on the European Union (TEU) Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU, ex-EC) Treaty of Lisbon
The EU Institutions
European Parliament Court of Justice Court of Auditors European Council (summit) Council of Ministers (Council of the EU) Economic and Social Committee European Commission Committee of the Regions European Investment Bank Agencies European Central Bank
How EU laws are made
Citizens, interest groups, experts: discuss, consult Commission: makes formal proposal Parliament and Council of Ministers: decide jointly National or local authorities: implement Commission and Court of Justice: monitor implementation
Legal framework of the European Union
The Treaty of Lisbon (signed 2007)
– amends the two treaties which comprise the constitutional basis of the European Union: • Treaty on European Union (TEU; also known as the Maastricht Treaty) • Treaty establishing the European Community (TEC; also known as the Treaty of Rome).
– Consists of two Treaties: TEU and TFEU (Treaty on Functioning of the EU)
Treaty on Functioning of European Union (TFEU)
Article 194 – Energy
“Union policy on energy shall aim…to“: Ensure the functioning of the energy market Ensure security of energy supply Promote energy efficiency, energy saving, development of new and renewable energy Promote interconnection of energy networks
Treaty on Functioning of European Union (TFEU) – changes
Article 194 – Energy
Legislation
by ordinary legislative procedure (= co-decision with qualified majority in Council)
Legislation of fiscal nature
by special legislative procedure (= unanimity in Council)
Member States’ rights not affected
to determine conditions of exploiting energy resources to choose between different energy sources and to choose the general structure of its energy supply
Treaties and history of the EU
1993 1999 2003 2009 … European Atomic Energy Community
(EAEC or EURATOM )
European Coal & Steel Community
(ECSC)
European Community
(EC)
European Union Justice & Home Affairs
(JHA)
Police & Judicial co-operation in criminal matters
(PJCC)
Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) WEU Maastricht (1993) Amsterdam (1999) Nice (2003) Lisbon (2009) (EU) (EU) … …
Legal framework of the European Union
The EURATOM Treaty (signed 1957)
“It shall be the task of the Community to contribute » to the raising of the standards of living in the Member States and » to the development of relations with the other countries by creating the conditions necessary for the speedy establishment and growth of the nuclear industries”
Euratom after Lisbon: changes
Protocol No.2 amending the Euratom Treaty Preamble „European Atomic Energy Community should continue to have full legal effect“ Art 106a General provisions of TEU and TFEU apply
Euratom after Lisbon: changes
•
Separate legal entity (Art 184)
• •
Identical institutions, budget etc with EU Special legislative procedures continue
Role of the European Parliament remains largely advisory (no co-decision with Council), e.g. Art. 31, 32 or Art. 79 (3) Euratom Treaty
Article 31 group and Economic and Social Committee continue to be consulted
• • •
Specific tasks of EURATOM According to the Treaty, specific tasks are:
to promote research and ensure the dissemination of technical information to establish uniform safety standards to protect the health of workers and of the general public and ensure that they are applied (Example 2) to facilitate investment and ensure the establishment of the basic installations necessary for the development of nuclear energy in the EU
Specific tasks of EURATOM
• • • • • to ensure that all users in the EU receive a regular and equitable supply of ores and nuclear fuels to make certain that civil nuclear materials are not diverted to other (particularly military) purposes (Example 1) to exercise the right of ownership conferred upon it with respect to special fissile materials to foster progress in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy by working with other countries and international organisations to establish joint undertakings
Overview
• Purpose of this presentation • Treaties: foundation of the EU •
Euratom Treaty
and
examples of its application
– Nuclear safeguards – Nuclear safety • EU response to Fukushima accident nuclear power plants stress tests
Example 1: Nuclear Safeguards
Treaty requires Commission to satisfy itself that: In the territories of Member States: …materials are not diverted from their intended uses as declared by the users …provisions relating to safeguarding obligations under an agreement with a Third State or an international organisation are complied with. Exception: EURATOM Safeguards do not extend to materials intended to meet defence requirements
• •
Safeguards implementation methodology
Operator: – – – Provides basic technical characteristics (BTC) of the installation Keeps operating records to permit accounting for the material Provides accounting data to the Commission Commission verifies: – data consistency – – coherence with records kept at the installation data correspondence to the physical reality Verification work is done in nuclear installations, Joint Research Centre and safeguards headquarters in Luxembourg cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Safeguards implementation inspectors
• • Recruited by the Commission (Treaty art. 82) Have access to all places, data and persons, at all times, to the extent necessary to apply safeguards • ~160 inspectors: – ~1500 inspections/year – ~4100 inspection-person-days/year
Safeguards enforcement
• • If carrying-out of the inspection is opposed – Commission will submit an application to the President of the Court of Justice who may order to perform compulsory inspection If an infringement is found – sanctions: – On the operator: • warning, withdrawal of benefits, placing company under administration, withdrawal of nuclear material – On the Member State: • Commission Directive
Example 2: Nuclear safety
• Council Directive 2009/71/Euratom of 25 June
2009 establishing a Community framework for the nuclear safety of nuclear installations
– – – –
gives binding legal force to international safety standards (IAEA, CNS) establishes national responsibility for nuclear safety enhances independence of regulators ensures of safety continuous improvement
• Nuclear Waste Directive:
adopted by the Commission on 3 November 2010 revised proposal
Waste and spent fuel volumes produced in 2004 Low Level Long-lived
5%
Spent Fuel + High Level
10%
HLW in a person‘s lifetime Low + Intermediate Level Short-lived Nuclear waste (including low, intermediate and high level waste) and spent fuel volume a year in the EU is less than 100.000m
3 2 football fields (staple height 7m)
85%
Overview
• Purpose of this presentation • Treaties: foundation of the EU • • Euratom Treaty and examples of its application – Nuclear safeguards – Nuclear safety
EU response to Fukushima accident nuclear power plants stress tests
•
Sequence of Events in Japan Fukushima Dai-ichi
Units 1-3 in
operation
, units 4-6 in refuelling state.
maintenance
and
•
Earthquake level: 9 on Richter scale.
•
Normal plant shutdown – loss of off-site electrical power supply but emergency diesel generators working as foreseen – all normal in terms of cooling the reactors and fuel pools – decay heat removal.
•
Tsunami: 14 m while design basis was 6,5 m [for an historical tsunami of 5,7 m].
•
Flooding of diesels and auxiliary equipment.
Flooding, Trenches, Turbine building
Source data: Fed of Electric Power Companies/VGB
EU Response, after 11 March 2011
• Commissioner Oettinger called a High Level Conference on 15 March 2011: Ministers, Nuclear Safety Authorities and Industry.
Introduction of safety "
stress tests
" at EU nuclear power plants
EU Response
• • 16 March 2011: Council Working Group (AQG) defined a first set of criteria for “comprehensive risk and safety assessments” • Initiating events –
The seismic characteristics of the sites
• • – –
The possibility of flooding Resistance to man induced events (e.g. terrorist acts)
Status of the facility –
The type of reactor
–
The aging of the power plants
– –
The technical design and features of the cooling systems The technical design and arrangements of the backup systems
Emergency procedures and preparedness 21 March 2011: Council confirmed the approach
EU Response
• 24-25 March 2011: European Council EU leaders declared that the nuclear issue a top priority and stressed the need to learn the lessons from the nuclear accident.
They decided that the safety of EU nuclear plants should be reviewed in risk and safety assessments, the so-called "stress tests". The Commission will ensure that the test modalities are defined as soon as possible and the tests carried out.
Nuclear particles know no borders. That is why neighbouring countries should be encouraged to do similar stress tests. "A worldwide review of nuclear plants would be best," said Herman Van Rompuy."
•
Stress tests - timeframe
25 May 2011
: Stress tests announced – Start: 1 June – Licensee report (15.08, 31.10) – National report (15.09, 31.12) – European Commission report to the EU Council (9.12, June 2012) – Peer review of national reports (by 04.2012)
Stress tests – cont.
– Transparency • • National reports - public (in accordance to legislation) Results of peer reviews - public – The Commission is working to extend the assessments to other countries, in particular those neighbours operating nuclear installations: Switzerland, the Russian Federation, Ukraine and Armenia.
Stress tests - cont
Targeted reassessment of nuclear power plant safety margins: – response to set of extreme situations – preventive and mitigative measures following defence-in-depth logic To evaluate: – robustness of defence-in-depth approach – adequacy of accident management measures To identify – Potential for safety improvements