AGE OF IMPERIALISM

British control over South Africa, French control over Indochina, and Spanish control over Mexico are examples of

1. isolationism 2. appeasement 3. nonalignment 4. imperialism

IMPERIALISM A STRONG NATION DOMINATES OR INFLUENCES WEAKER NATIONS POLITICALLY, ECONOMICALLY, AND/OR CULTURALLY

Causes of Imperialism

• Economic – Desire/need for natural resources that are not plentiful in Europe – Desire to create new markets for European goods/force them to buy your goods • Political/Military – Desire to build large empires – Competition against other European nations – Build national pride • Cultural – Educate non-Europeans using European values – Spread Christianity

In just a few decades, imperialist nations gained control over much of the world. Western imperialism succeeded for a number of reasons:

• While European nations had grown stronger in the 1800s, several older civilizations were in decline.

• Europeans had the advantages of strong economies, well-organized governments, and powerful armies and navies.

• Europeans had superior technology and medical knowledge.

Imperialism and the Balance of Power

Forms of Imperialist Control

• Colonies  stronger nation completely takes over the weaker are/ they even run the government – France in Indochina – Netherlands in Indonesia – Britain in India • Protectorate  stronger nation allows the weaker nation to keep its government, but the weaker nation must accept that the stronger nation will be its protector.

– France in Tunisia – Soviet Union over Eastern European satellite nations after WWII • Sphere of Influence regions in China • Concession   stronger nation controls a certain section of a weaker nation for economic purposes – Foreign nations such as Germany had economic control over certain an underdeveloped nation allows a stronger nation to do something of economic value in the area – Arabs let the British drill for oil and build a railroad in the Middle East

Social Darwinism

• Charles Darwin  Theory of evolution- Those species of animals that have adapted have a better chance to survive than those that haven’t – “survival of the fittest” • Social Darwinism  Idea that certain races/cultures have adapted making them stronger, smarter, superior to those who haven’t • Europeans feel superior to non-white cultures and feel it is ok for them to dominate these inferior cultures • “White Man’s Burden” –Rudyard Kipling

Take up the White Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye breed Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives’ need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild — Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child.

- Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden”

. How well does this cartoon, reprinted in the

Literary Digest

from a Detroit newspaper, capture the meaning of the poem?

Pears' Soap advertisement, "The White Man's Burden" (1899). First appeared in

McClure's Magazine

(October 1899).

The 19th century term “White Man’s Burden” reflects the idea that 1 . Asians and Africans were equal to Europeans 2. Asians and Africans would be grateful for European help 3. imperialism was opposed by most Europeans 4. Europeans had a responsibility to improve the lives of the colonial peoples

Rudyard Kipling’s poem “White Man’s Burden” refers to the attitude held by many Europeans that they were charged with civilizing the “heathen savages” they encountered in foreign lands.

Examples of Imperialism

Africa

• Late 1400s  Europeans come more in contact with African cultures after the Portuguese sail around Africa to get to the Far East (China) • 1500s-1700s  Europeans trade heavily with Africans, but only are in contact with African kingdoms on the coast • 1800s  Europeans become interested in interior of Africa/have a desire to conquer Africa • **Threat of War  Many countries want a piece of Africa

1884



Berlin Conference

• European nations meet and decide to divide up Africa amongst themselves/ No African leaders invited to the meeting • By 1900s, almost all of Africa is under European control/stays that way until 1950s & 60s

How did the African cultures respond to imperialism?

• Every single European nation faces resistance from Africans • They don’t have the firepower to be successful • Only Ethiopia and Liberia remain independent

2

African Resistance

Europeans met armed resistance across the continent.

• Algerians battled the French for years. • The Zulus in southern Africa and the Asante in West Africa battled the British. • East Africans fought wars against the Germans.

• In Ethiopia, King Menelik II modernized his country. When Italy invaded, Ethiopia was prepared. Ethiopia was the only nation, aside from Liberia, to preserve its independence.

Which is an accurate statement about the partitioning of Africa by European imperialist nations during the 1800’s?

1. new nations were based on old tribal boundaries 2. the cultural and ethnic diversity of the African people was disregarded 3. the continent was divided equally among the colonial powers 4. African unity was encouraged

As European nations established African colonies during the “Scramble for Africa” (1870-1890), they paid no attention to the existing tribal, cultural, or ethnic boundaries.

After 1880, European nations sought colonies in Africa primarily because the Europeans were 1. in need of land for their surplus populations 2. competing of raw materials and markets 3. determined to bring Christianity to the Moslem world 4. interested in completing their geographic knowledge of the world

The Industrial Revolution was the driving force behind European imperialism in foreign lands such as Africa. The industrialized countries of the West sought to expand their economies by obtaining raw materials which could be transported back to domestic factories, turned into manufactured goods, and shipped back to colonies markets for sale.

4

Imperialism in India to 1858

4

The Sepoy Rebellion: Causes and Effects

CAUSES

• • • The British East India Company: required

sepoys,

or Indian soldiers in its service, to serve anywhere, including overseas, which violated Hindu religious law passed a law allowing Hindu widows to marry, which undermined Hindu beliefs ordered the sepoys to bite off cartridges made of animal fat when loading their rifles, which violated both Hindu and Muslim religious law

EFFECTS

• • • • The sepoys brutally massacred British men, women, and children. The British took terrible revenge, slaughtering thousands of unarmed Indians. Both sides were left with a bitter legacy of fear, hatred, and mistrust.

The British put India directly under British rule, sent more troops to India, and taxed Indians to pay for the cost of the occupying forces.

4

British Colonial Rule

After 1858, Parliament set up a system of colonial rule in India.

• The British built roads and an impressive railroad network. • The British flooded India with machine-made textiles, ruining India’s once-prosperous hand-weaving industry. • Britain transformed Indian agriculture. • Better health care and increased food production led to rapid population growth. Over-population led to terrible famines. • The British revised the Indian legal system. • British rule brought peace and order to the countryside. • Upper-class Indians sent their sons to British schools.

4

Different Views on Culture

During the Age of Imperialism, Indians and British developed different views of each other’s culture.

INDIAN ATTITUDES BRITISH ATTITUDES

Some educated Indians were impressed by British power and technology and urged India to follow a western model of progress.

Other Indians felt the answer to change lay with their own Hindu or Muslim cultures. Most British knew little about Indian achievements and dismissed Indian culture with contempt.

A few British admired Indian theology and philosophy and respected India’s ancient heritage.

4

Indian Nationalism

•The British believed that western-educated Indians would form an elite class which would bolster British rule.

•As it turned out, exposure to European ideas had the opposite effect. By the late 1800s, western-educated Indians were spearheading a nationalist movement.

•In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress. Its members looked forward to eventual self-rule, but supported western-style modernization.

•In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim League to pursue their own goals, including a separate Muslim state.

One result of British colonialism in India was that India

1. adopted a parliamentary system of government 2. developed religious unity 3. supported Western foreign policies in the United Nations 4. created programs to increase its population

After independence, India maintained many customs and traditions of their former colonial masters. In this case, their system of government.

China

• 1500s-1700s  Europeans trade with Chinese/China dominated the trade • 1800s Europeans begin to dominate trade – Opium Wars (1839-1842) • British sell opium in China • China outlaws sale of opium • British crush Chinese in war • China proven to be weak – British, French, Russians, Germans, &Americans all create spheres of influence in China • Many Chinese blame their own government for not stopping this – 1899  Righteous Harmonious Fists (Boxers) anti-foreign group – 1900  army Boxer Rebellion • Boxers attack foreigners in China but are crushed by multi-national • 1911  rebellion in China causes fall of emperor and creation of a Republic/foreigners still dominate

In 19th-century China, the Opium War resulted in

1. the control of Hong Kong being returned to China 2. the removal of all British naval forces from China 3. an increase in European spheres of influence in China 4. the rejection of Buddhism by the Chinese people

With their victory in the Opium War (1839-1842), Europeans demonstrated their superior military might and secured trading concessions that ultimately led to the carving of China into Spheres of Influence, each dominated by a different nation.

Japan

• 1500s-1700s  Japan wants to be isolated • July 1853 • 1854   US sends Commodore Perry to “ask” Japan to open up trade Treaty of Kanagawa – Japan gives in to US demands because they know they can’t resist • Meiji emperor decides to make Japan more like Europe • 1894 • 1904   Sino-Japanese War – Japan crushes China and gains land Russo-Japanese War – Japan surprises everyone by beating Russia • Japan is now an imperialist nation

Latin America

• 1500s-1700s  Latin America dominated by Europe (especially Spanish) • 1800s  Latin American nations win their independence from European nations • US worried that European powers might take advantage of the weakness of the new Latin American nations • 1823  Monroe Doctrine – US is protector of the Americans/Europe must stay away • 1904  Roosevelt Corollary – US has the right to interfere in any Latin American nation

Imperialism-Good or Bad?

• It made countries like the US and strong and rich • It caused other countries to dislike imperialist countries such as the US

Which statement best expresses the motive for 19th-century European imperialism?

turned into manufactured goods, and shipped back to colonies markets for powers.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Describe three motives for imperialism.

2. Describe three types of imperialism.

3. Which nations became imperial powers?

4. Which nations were controlled by imperial powers?

5. How did imperial powers justify their control over foreign nations?