Transcript + imperfect subjunctive

I
Imperfect
subjunctive active
portarem
Pluperfect
subjunctive active
portavissem
You (s.)
portares
portavisses
He/she/it portaret
portavisset
We
portaremus
portavissemus
You (pl.)
portaretis
portavissetis
They
portarent
portavissent
Imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive are formed from the present and perfect
infinitives respectively. Make sure you are comfortable with how to do this for
irregular verbs.
I
Imperfect
subjunctive passive
portarer
Pluperfect
subjunctive passive
portatus essem
You (s.)
portareris
portatus esses
He/she/it portaretur
portatus esset
We
portaremur
portati essemus
You (pl.)
portaremini
portati essetis
They
portarentur
portati essent
timeret
dormires
portarem
traxissemus
mallent
audiretis
amavissem
curaret
haberent
adiuvissent
esset
cepissemus
habuisset
possem
Key Uses of the Subjunctive
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cum clause
Result
Purpose (+ qui to express purpose)
Indirect question
Indirect command
Fear
Time
Purpose clauses
• A purpose clause describes why someone did
something, or the purpose for which they did it
• Purpose clause = ut/ne + subjunctive
E.g. Cicero processit ut diceret
Cicero advanced in order that he might speak
Can you think of a more natural way of translating
this sentence?
Cicero processit ut diceret
Literal translation: Cicero advanced in order
that he might speak
Alternative translations:
Cicero advanced……
….so that he might speak
….in order to speak
….so as to speak
.…to speak
Some extra things…
• The negative of ut is ne
e.g. Cicero processit ne diceret
Cicero advanced in order that he might not speak
• We some times find parts of qui instead of ut – with the
same meaning
e.g. Cicero processit qui diceret
Cicero advanced in order that he might speak
• Sometimes the purpose clause has a new nominative
subject
e.g. femina laborabat ut liberi cibum haberent
The woman was working so that her children might have food.
Qui
• What does qui usually mean?
• What does it mean with the subjunctive?
What is the difference between the two sentences?
How should we translate them?
a) misit servum qui regem necavit.
b) misit servum qui regem necaret.
qui + subjunctive = purpose
•
•
•
•
•
•
milites misi qui ducem hostium necarent.
senator servum qui equos suos curaret emit.
misit nuntios qui regem necaverunt.
ancillas petere constitui quae in villa mea laborarent.
senex servum habebat qui pueros scelestos terrebat.
imperatorem tandem invenimus qui hostes vinceret.
An indirect question reports a direct question
• Direct Questions
– ‘Why are you silent?’
– ‘Who is that slave?’
• Indirect Questions
– I asked him why he was silent.
– I wanted to know who that slave was.
What changes when a direct question turns
into an indirect question?
Indirect questions in Latin
Introductory + question word
verb
(e.g. who, why)
+
subjunctive
(imperfect = was)
(pluperfect = had)
1) miles rogavit ubi rex habitaret.
2) servi nesciebant cur Caecilius hortum intravisset.
Where is the subjunctive?
Which type?
Where is the question word?
Questions asking for specific
information
cur
quam
quo
quantus
quo modo
unde
quot
quis
ubi
quid
qualis
what sort of
who
where to
how many
why
how/in what way
how
where from
where
what
how big
cum clauses
cum + ablative = with
cum + subjunctive = when/since
cum
How should we translate cum
in each of these sentences? Watch out for the tense
of the subjunctive!
a) senex, cum pecuniam invenisset, ad villam
laetus rediit.
b) Belimicus, cum haec audivisset, laetus
erat.
c) Belimicus cum multis militibus per
oppidum diligenter quaerebat.
d) senex, cum forum ambularet, multam
pecuniam invenit.
Consecutive / Result Clauses
• The athlete ran so fast that he broke the world
record.
• The child ate so many biscuits that she was sick.
• The elephant was so large that it astonished
everyone.
These clauses express the result or consequence of something
 The friends drove for two hours so that they could see the sea.
Result clauses in Latin
Sign post word
(in main clause)
tam = so
adeo = so much
tantus = so great
tot = so many
talis = of such a sort
totiens = so often
ita = in such a way
+ ut + subjunctive
Negative: ut + non
Some examples
tam fessus erat ut diu dormiret.
tantas erat tempestas ut omnes timerent.
Quintus carmen ita recitavit ut omnes eum laudarent.
Some examples
tam fessus erat ut diu dormiret.
He was so tired that he slept for a long time.
tantas erat tempestas ut omnes timerent.
The storm was so great that all were afraid.
Quintus carmen ita recitavit ut omnes eum laudarent.
Quintus recited the poem in such a way that all praised him.
• Maecenas tam prudens erat ut Octavianus ei
semper confideret.
• litteris adeo studebat ut multos poetas adiuvaret.
• Vergilium tanti aestimabat ut eum in numerum
amicorum intimorum acceperit.
• Vergilius Maecenati de Quinto totiens dixerat ut
ille Quintum cognoscere vellet.
• cum Vergilius Quintum Maecenati
commendavisset, ille tam verecundus erat ut fari
non posset.
• haec puella tam fortis erat ut omnes eam laudarent.
• cibus talis erat ut eum edere non possem.
• Britanni erant tam attoniti ut immoti starent.
• adeo esuriebat ut de vita paene desperaret.
Indirect Commands
Asking/commanding verb + ut (or ne) + imperfect
subjunctive
e.g. imperator milites rogavit ut audirent.
e.g. dux civibus imperavit ut tacerent.
NB impero and persuadeo take the dative.
Time + subjunctive
• dum + subjunctive = until
(with indicative verbs, dum means while)
cives in foro manebant dum senator adveniret.
The citizens waited in the forum until the senator
could arrive.
• priusquam + subjunctive = before
Time + Subjunctive
1. puer e villa cucurrit priusquam pater
adveniret.
2. Romae manebamus dum imperatorem
videremus.
3. servus fugit priusquam dominus eum
videret.
4. omnem ibum consumpsi priusquam
frater eum inveniret.
Fear verbs + subjunctive:
followed by ne not ut
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
timebam ne dominus clamorem audiret.
puer timuit ne hostis eum inveniret.
puer timuit ne inveniretur.
timebamus ne imperator nos videret.
timebam ne clamores non audirem.
Fear + subjunctive
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
frater meus timet patrem.
puer timuit ne hostis eum inveniret.
timeo dominum dominamque.
timebam ne custos clamores non audiret.
ancilla timebat ne Metella eam vituperaret.
NB fear verbs can also be followed by an
accusative
How is the subjunctive used??
A silly story illustrating 7 uses of
the subjunctive!
• The man went to the stadium in order to see the race.
• He asked what time the race was starting.
• Before he had finished his question, the race was
being announced.
• The athlete was afraid that she wouldn’t win a medal.
• However, she ran so fast that she won the race.
• When she had won the race, she went out to
celebrate.
• She told her trainer to go and celebrate as well.
Which goes with which?
•
•
•
•
The man went to the stadium in order to see the race.
He asked what time the race was starting.
The athlete ran so fast that she won the race.
When she had won the race, she went out to
celebrate.
• She told her trainer to go and celebrate as well.
cum + subjunctive
purpose clause
indirect question
indirect command
result clause
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
servus tam stultus erat ut nihil intellegeret.
Caesar milites misit ut murum delerent.
dominus servos oravit ut celeriter laborarent.
puerum rogavi quid consumeret.
cum nihil audivissem, domi manebam.
a) cum + subjunctive
b) indirect question
c) purpose clause
d) indirect command
e) result clause
1. libertus, cum venenum bibisset, mortuus procubuit.
2. tot hostes castra nostra oppugnabant ut de vita
desperaremus.
3. principes me rogaverunt cur pontem transire vellem.
• 4. Gutta sub mensa se celavit ut periculum vitaret.
• 5. Caesar militibus imperavit ut fortiter pugarent.
a) cum + subjunctive
b) indirect question
c) purpose clause
d) indirect command
e) result clause
Uses of the Subjunctive
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Watch out for the tense
of the subjunctive!
milites misi qui ducem hostium necarent.
Belimicus, cum haec audivisset, laetus erat.
ancillas petere constitui quae in villa mea laborarent.
puer timuit ne hostis eum inveniret.
puer timuit ne inveniretur.
cum montem ascenderem vulnus severum accepi.
senex servum habebat qui pueros scelestos terrebat.
timebamus ne imperator nos videret.
miles gladium ferebat quo se defenderet.
• Purpose clause
Uses of ‘ut’
The man went to the shops to / in order to / so that he might buy
some bread.
How to spot:
Negative:
• Indirect command.
The master ordered the slave to go to the market.
How to spot:
Negative:
• Result clause.
The girl ran so fast that she won the race.
How to spot:
Negative:
• With indicative/ no verb = as
How to spot:
How to
recognise in
Latin
Indirect
command
Result
Clause
I ordered the citizens
to listen.
Purpose
Clause
I went to Rome so
that I might see / to
see the emperor.
His name, as he said,
is Quintus.
ut
meaning
‘as’
The girl ran so fast
that she won the
race.
Negative