Transcript Common Injuries to the knee, leg, ankle
Common Injuries to the Knee
ANTERIOR CRUCIATE INJURIES
ACL injuries also commonly occur with
hyperextension
of the knee,
deceleration
and
valgus stress
.
INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY: Complete tear; associated meniscal pathology Well motivated person who will do the rehab program; physiologically young Unwilling to change lifestyle; job and sports require twisting, cutting Minimal evidence of DJD
WHEN TO DO SURGERY : Wait at least 3-4 weeks after injury •Decrease the swelling •Decrease Quad inhibition •Decrease hamstring overfiring •Decrease scarring •Increase ROM; decrease stiffness
SURGERIES PERFORMED 1. Bone-tendon-bone with middle 1/3 of patellar tendon 2.
Semitendinosis and gracilis: fold them in ½ so have a 4 tendon bundle 3. Allograph: bone-tendon-bone patellar tendon from cadaver Key in surgery is correct isometric placement of the graph.
80-90% of patients have a good result with surgery going back to previous levels of activity. Some complications that may arise and give a less than favorable result are: • Patellar tendonitis • Patellofemoral pain/chondromalacia • Limited ROM at extremes; loss of even a few degrees of terminal extension is a problem • Stretching out of graph
COLLATERAL LIGAMENT INJURIES
MCL tears: most common mechanism is a blow to the outside of the knee followed by planting of the foot and twisting of the knee.
There is a high risk of injury to the medial meniscus with MCL tears.
KNEE REHAB
PATELLOFEMORAL PAIN SYNDROME
The patella must have balanced muscular forces around it to ride properly in the femoral groove.
The VMO should fire before the VL.
The VMO/VL ratio should be 1:1 Tight ITB, hamstrings and calf can disrupt muscular balance.
OTHER FACTORS CAUSING PFPS: 1. Overpronation 2. Anteversion 3. Weak Hip ER & ABD 4. Tibial Varum 5. Increased Q angle
ILIOTIBIAL BAND SYNDROME
Complains of pain on knee flexion May complain of snapping Pain gets worse on ROM from full flexion to full extension.
Often result of: genu varum; over pronation; femoral anteversion; spinal problems.
SHIN SPLINTS
Most common area affected is antereomedial shin. Starts out as muscle/tendon injury Can progress to periosteal injury Can end up as a stress fracture
ANKLE SPRAINS
Ottawa ankle rules
JOBST INTERMITTENT COMPRESSION DEVICE
ROM exercises Strengthening Proprioception Agility Running/jumping
Syndesmotic Injury
ACHILLES TENDONITIS
ACHILLES TENDON RUPTURE
LONG REHAB: Average 6-9 months
PLANTAR FASCITIS
Over pronation Pes cavus foot Tight calf muscles Tibial varum Anteversion Weak ER of hip
Pharmacology
DRUGS USED FOR MUSCULOSKELETAL PATHOLOGY
• Analgesics • Drugs that directly affect the healing process • Drugs that do both
NON STEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDS)
• Treatment of inflammatory arthritic diseases • Treatment of the “itises”
NSAIDS: SIDE EFFECTS
• Gastrointestinal Irritation and Ulceration • Decreased Blood Clotting • Kidney Trouble • Other
Common NSAIDs (OTC)
Bayer (aspirin) Tylenol (acetaminophen) Aleve or Naprosyn (naproxen) Advil (ibuprofen)
Common NSAIDS (Rx)
• Celebrex (celecoxib) • Voltaren (diclofenac) • Lodine (etodolac) • Nalfon (fenoprofen) • Indocin (indomethacin) • Orudis, Oruvail (ketoprofen) • Toradol (ketoralac) • Daypro (oxaprozin) • Relafen (nabumetone) • Clinoril (sulindac) • Tolectin (tolmetin) • Vioxx (rofecoxib
Dosing
Depends on Goal Avoid negative drug reactions Trial and Error Every patient has a different response Must keep blood levels constant for antiinflammatory response
CORTICOSTEROIDS
• Synthetic derivative of cortisol • Mobilizes energy stores • Circulatory changes • Changes in liver and kidney function • Subdue inflammation and immune response
ACTION
• Stabilizes cell membranes which decreases release of inflammatory mediators • Inhibits migration of inflammatory cells that are attracted to the injured area.
INDICATIONS
• INFLAMMATORY DISEASES: RA, Lupus, Ankylosing Spondylitis • NO! Acute musculoskeletal injuries • ???? Chronic musculoskeletal injuries
ADMINISTRATION
• ORAL: Used in tx of diseases which affect multiple joints; Dose pack for chronic musculoskeletal problems • LOCAL INJECTION: Used for tendinitis, bursitis, fasciitis • TOPICAL USE: Dermatologic effects only
SIDE EFFECTS: ORAL
• Osteoporosis: pathologic fractures • Avascular Necrosis • Disturb fat and carbo metabolism: increase risk of diabetes; increased fat distribution in trunk and face • Hypertension due to NA and H20 retention • Steroid myopathy • Steroid psychosis
SIDE EFFECTS: LOCAL INJECTION
• No systemic effects • False sense of recovery • Local tendon/muscle atrophy: rupture • Skin changes
ANALGESICS
• Allow early initiation of rehab • Improve quality of life for persons with chronic pain • Allow patients to tolerate surgery
NON-NARCOTIC
• Acetaminophen: Has central nervous system effect through cental inhibition of prostaglandins • Aspirin: Has peripheral effect through peripheral inhibition of prostaglandins • NSAIDS: Have analgesic effect on nervous system as well as decreased inflammation
NARCOTIC
• Common property: bind to opioid receptors in brain • Results in significant elevation of pain threshold; can be addictive
INDICATIONS
• Mild/moderate musculoskeletal pain: non narcotics; acetaminophen first choice; NSAIDS may be more logical if inflammation is causing pain, ie acute injuries and inflammatory arthritis • Osteoarthritis: acetaminophen • Chronic musculoskeletal pain: acetaminophen
Continued……
• Acute postoperative pain: narcotics; can be given IV or IM • Chronic, Severe pain: narcotics See Table 3 for commonly used analgesic drugs
SIDE EFFECTS
• ACETAMINOPHEN: generally safe; liver toxicity • ASPIRIN/NSAIDS: as previously covered • NARCOTICS: respiratory suppression; sedation, nausea and vomiting; urinary retention; euphoria/dependence
ANTIBIOTICS
• Used to treat or prevent bacterial infections which can occur postoperatively or post compound fracture • Classified based on chemical structure and effectiveness against certain bacteria (Table 4)
INDICATIONS FOR USE
• Use drug best suited to fully eradicate the bacteria causing the infection • Infection must be cultured to determine what kind it is • Sometimes used prophylactically at time of surgery; mostly with patients with compromised immune system • Always used with patients with open fractures