ESS 303 -- Biomechanics
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Transcript ESS 303 -- Biomechanics
ESS 303 – Biomechanics
Knee Joint
Knee Joint
2 convex surfaces (femur) articulating
with 2 concave surfaces (tibia)
Poor bony stability
Stability increased with cartilage and
ligaments
Up to 80% of knee stability comes from
muscles
Knee Joint
2 semicircular menisci surround the medial
and lateral rims of the condylar facets of the
tibia
increase depth of concavity
stabilize femur
medial meniscus is larger of the two and allows
slight rotation and locking mechanisms of the knee
joint
Medial tibial condylar facet is 50% larger than
the lateral and has 3 times the articular
cartilage thickness
Knee Ligaments
The medial collateral ligament (MCL) prevents
the knee from buckling inwards
The lateral collateral ligament (LCL) prevents
the knee from buckling outwards
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) prevents
the tibia from sliding forwards under the femur
The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) prevents
the tibia from sliding backwards under the
femur
ACL
PCL
MCL
LCL
Anterior View
Posterior View
Common Knee Injuries
Popliteal tendonitis (downhill gate)
Deep squat (weightlifting)
Breaststroker’s knee (swimming)
ACL injury (alpine skiing – “phantom foot fall”)
PCL injury (clipping)
Meniscus injuries (most common knee injury,
may case locking, )
Hurdler’s position stretch (pry apart MCL)
Knee Ligaments
Knee Ligaments
Knee Positions
Femoral Varus
Genu Valgum
Tibial Valgus
Knock-Knee
Knee Positions
Femoral Valgus
Genu Varum
Tibial Varus
Bow Leg
Knee Positions
Genu Valgum
Knee Positions
Genu Varum
Knee Positions
Genu Recurvatum
Knee Positions - Surgical Correction
Movements and Major Muscles
Flexion: gastrocnemius & Hamstrings
(semitendinosus, semimembranosus & biceps
femoris)
Extension: Quadraceps (rectus femoris, vastus
lateralis, vastus medialis & vastus intermedius)
Medial rotation (about 20° when flexed 90°):
Semitendinosus & semimembranosus
Lateral rotation (about 30° when flexed 90°): biceps
femoris
Medial and lateral rotation allow feet (weight bearing
and non-weight bearing) to turn without tearing knee
ligaments