ADDERALL (the study drug) • What is it?

• History • Effects and Uses • Concerns • Future Plans

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What exactly is it?

Proclaimed by some students to be the wonder drug, but controversy is rising Amphetamine combination used to treat (ADHD) & other disorders; popular college study tool Racemic stereoisomers; dextro isomer of amphetamine saccharate and d, & I-amphetamine asperate salts mixed in 3:1 ratio Amphetamine - is basically speed Meth-amphetamine - amphetamine with additional methyl group attached to its nitrogen (amine group)

• • • • • Amphetamines First synthesized; Germany 1887 In 1932, amphetamine was marketed as Benzedrine in over-the-counter inhaler to treat nasal congestion In 1935 physicians successfully used it to treat narcolepsy 1950s, legal manufactureing dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine) & methamphetamine (Methedrine) used non medically by college students, truck drivers, and athletes.

In 1971, there were 31 amphetamine preparations being distributed by 15 pharmaceutical companies. Legal production over 12 billion pills / year.

• • • • For a 10 mg Tablet 2.5 mg Dextroamphetamine Saccharate 2.5 mg Amphetamine Aspartate 2.5 Dextroamphetamine Sulfate 2.5 mg Amphetamine Sulfate

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Adderall History

Originally marketed in 1960; NDA 11-522 filed for approval for Obesity; Rexar Pharmaceuticals distributed Obetrol till 1973, when FDA withdrew application for failed blind study test Rexar continued distribution low-scale till sold 20 years later Richwood Pharmaceuticals purchased Rexar, changed it’s named to Adderal; sold it for ADHD FDA reapproved the drug in 1996 after tests were performed Acquisition of Richwood Pharmaceuticals to Shire brought rights of Adderall Shire founded in 1986 in UK by four entrepreneurs (Dennis Stephens, Harry Stratford, Peter Moriarty, and Geoff Hall) Popularity sores - continues to increase on college campuses 2003; Adderall XR introduced, a slow release form of original pill 2005; Canada suspends marketing of Adderall XR due to SUD among children

Experienced Effects

EFFECTS Positive:

Increased alertness, motivation, and talkativeness Mood shift in Positive direction Appetite suppressor; helps in Obesity cases Used to treat depression

Negative:

Increased aggressiveness & paranoia Increased heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate Withdrawal symptoms: Exhaustion and Insomnia if overdone or at night Addiction in long term use

Neutral:

Flushes the body; diarrhea & dryness of mouth Dilates pupils There is significant improvement in the perfusion to the superior cortical surface of the Brain.

Note the marked decrease in perfusion to the surface of the Brain when the patient is doing a concentration task not on Adderall. The yellow and green colors show significant decreased activity in the top surface of the Brain.

Concerns

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Those who shouldn’t take it • • • – have been linked to supraventricular tachycardia • Heart defects Overactive thyroid Glaucoma Blood vessel diseases • Nursing Mother’s – drugs get transferred in excreted milk • • Due to tolerance build up increased dosages can lead to dependency May cause existing mental illness's to worsen and possible psychosis; 10 or 11 recent cases Most were on adderall for longer than 3 years Other amphetamine drugs have proven to stunt bone growth • Alcohol mixtures can be dangerous - alcohol is a (CNS) suppressant

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Never take with any Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors -could cause coma or Seizures -MAOI drugs include Nardil (phenelzine sulfate), Parnate (tranylcypromine sulfate), Marplan (isocarboxid),

The Future

• • • • • • Amphetamines and their cousins will continue to be around Ignorance; A mixture w/a different name inevitably introduced as new College students will always find some substitute similar Now approved legally; Adderall production of course continued ADHD continues to be diagnosed Illegally people have & will continue to make and abuse amphetamines