Transcript chapter review questions

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Questions
prepared by Mark Hollier,
Georgia Perimeter College Clarkston Campus
CHAPTER
25
The
Urinary
System
© Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Urine collection occurs in the _______ of the
kidney.
a)
b)
c)
d)
cortex
medulla
columns
pelvis
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Urine collection occurs in the _______ of the
kidney.
a)
b)
c)
d)
cortex
medulla
columns
pelvis
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
What fraction of the cardiac output is
delivered to the kidneys each minute?
a)
b)
c)
d)
1/1000
1/2
1/4
3/4
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
What fraction of the cardiac output is
delivered to the kidneys each minute?
a)
b)
c)
d)
1/1000
1/2
1/4
3/4
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The blood-filtering structure of the kidney is
called the ________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
glomerular capsule
renal tubule
glomerulus
nephron
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The blood-filtering structure of the kidney is
called the ________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
glomerular capsule
renal tubule
glomerulus
nephron
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The urine-forming units of the kidney are
the ________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
glomerular capsules
renal tubules
glomeruli
nephrons
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The urine-forming units of the kidney are
the ________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
glomerular capsules
renal tubules
glomeruli
nephrons
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Based on the histology of a renal tubule,
which section would be most severely
inhibited if simple squamous epithelium
were damaged?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Proximal convoluted tubule
Thin segment of the nephron loop
Thick segment of the nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Based on the histology of a renal tubule,
which section would be most severely
inhibited if simple squamous epithelium
were damaged?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Proximal convoluted tubule
Thin segment of the nephron loop
Thick segment of the nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The vasa recta are associated with which
structures in the kidney?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Glomeruli
Juxtamedullary nephrons
Afferent arterioles
Cortical nephrons
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The vasa recta are associated with which
structures in the kidney?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Glomeruli
Juxtamedullary nephrons
Afferent arterioles
Cortical nephrons
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The juxtaglomerular complex is made of
________ cells from the afferent arteriole
and the ________ cells of the DCT.
a)
b)
c)
d)
mesangial; filtration
filtration; mesangial
granular; macula densa
macula densa; granular
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The juxtaglomerular complex is made of
________ cells from the afferent arteriole
and the ________ cells of the DCT.
a)
b)
c)
d)
mesangial; filtration
filtration; mesangial
granular; macula densa
macula densa; granular
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following factors contribute(s)
to the higher filtration rate in the glomerular
capillaries compared with other capillary
beds?
a)
b)
c)
d)
The glomerular capillaries are fenestrated.
The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller
than the diameter of the afferent arteriole.
The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is very
porous.
All of the above contribute.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following factors contribute(s)
to the higher filtration rate in the glomerular
capillaries compared with other capillary
beds?
a)
b)
c)
d)
The glomerular capillaries are fenestrated.
The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller
than the diameter of the afferent arteriole.
The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is very
porous.
All of the above contribute.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
How would giving a patient intravenous
albumin affect filtration?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Due to higher colloid osmotic pressure, the net
filtration pressure would be lower.
Too much protein in the diet would abolish all
filtration.
High blood pressure from increased plasma
proteins would increase filtration to twice its normal
rate.
Filtration would be unchanged, but the kidneys
would suffer damage.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
How would giving a patient intravenous
albumin affect filtration?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Due to higher colloid osmotic pressure, the net
filtration pressure would be lower.
Too much protein in the diet would abolish all
filtration.
High blood pressure from increased plasma
proteins would increase filtration to twice its normal
rate.
Filtration would be unchanged, but the kidneys
would suffer damage.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
What type of response by the afferent
arterioles would you expect if blood
pressure increased?
a)
b)
c)
d)
The afferent arterioles would constrict.
The afferent arterioles would dilate.
The afferent arterioles would stimulate renin
release.
The afferent arterioles would not respond to blood
pressure changes.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
What type of response by the afferent
arterioles would you expect if blood
pressure increased?
a)
b)
c)
d)
The afferent arterioles would constrict.
The afferent arterioles would dilate.
The afferent arterioles would stimulate renin
release.
The afferent arterioles would not respond to blood
pressure changes.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Autoregulatory mechanisms are most
effective ________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
for renin secretion
when the arterial pressure drops below 80 mm Hg
at releasing epinephrine
when the arterial pressure is between 80 and 180
mm Hg
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Autoregulatory mechanisms are most
effective ________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
for renin secretion
when the arterial pressure drops below 80 mm Hg
at releasing epinephrine
when the arterial pressure is between 80 and
180 mm Hg
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Extrinsic controls regulate glomerular
filtration rate as a means of regulating
________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
systemic blood pressure
cardiac output
urine formation
red blood cell production
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Extrinsic controls regulate glomerular
filtration rate as a means of regulating
________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
systemic blood pressure
cardiac output
urine formation
red blood cell production
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following general functions
can be assigned to the renin-angiotensinaldosterone system?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Water conservation
Blood pressure elevation
Lowering blood sodium levels
Both a and b
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following general functions
can be assigned to the renin-angiotensinaldosterone system?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Water conservation
Blood pressure elevation
Lowering blood sodium levels
Both a and b
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
What would be the effect on urine output if
sodium channels in the tubule cells were
inhibited?
a)
b)
c)
d)
The volume would increase.
The volume would decrease, then quickly resume.
The volume would decrease by half the sodium
concentration.
The volume would decrease by one-tenth the
sodium concentration.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
What would be the effect on urine output if
sodium channels in the tubule cells were
inhibited?
a)
b)
c)
d)
The volume would increase.
The volume would decrease, then quickly resume.
The volume would decrease by half the sodium
concentration.
The volume would decrease by one-tenth the
sodium concentration.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where does primary active transport of
sodium occur in proximal convoluted tubule
cells?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Apical membrane
Basolateral membrane
Lateral membrane
Endothelial membrane
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where does primary active transport of
sodium occur in proximal convoluted tubule
cells?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Apical membrane
Basolateral membrane
Lateral membrane
Endothelial membrane
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why is glucose in the urine an indicator of
diabetes mellitus?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Glucose occupies all the transport carriers and it is
no longer reabsorbed.
Because diabetics cannot regulate their glucose.
When blood glucose is high, it is secreted in the
urine.
Because diabetics have high levels of glucagon.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why is glucose in the urine an indicator of
diabetes mellitus?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Glucose occupies all the transport carriers and
it is no longer reabsorbed.
Because diabetics cannot regulate their glucose.
When blood glucose is high, it is secreted in the
urine.
Because diabetics have high levels of glucagon.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why do high levels of potassium stimulate
aldosterone secretion?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Aldosterone stimulates potassium secretion at
potassium-specific pumps.
Aldosterone stimulates the sodium-potassium
pump to reabsorb sodium while simultaneously
secreting potassium.
Aldosterone stimulates the sodium-potassium
pump to secrete sodium while simultaneously
reabsorbing potassium.
High levels of potassium accompany high levels of
sodium.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why do high levels of potassium stimulate
aldosterone secretion?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Aldosterone stimulates potassium secretion at
potassium-specific pumps.
Aldosterone stimulates the sodium-potassium
pump to reabsorb sodium while simultaneously
secreting potassium.
Aldosterone stimulates the sodium-potassium
pump to secrete sodium while simultaneously
reabsorbing potassium.
High levels of potassium accompany high levels of
sodium.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following processes in urine
formation is important for regulating blood
pH?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Secretion
Reabsorption
Filtration
Countercurrent multiplication
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following processes in urine
formation is important for regulating blood
pH?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Secretion
Reabsorption
Filtration
Countercurrent multiplication
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Drinking too much alcohol results in a
headache the next day. Why does this
happen?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Alcohol stimulates pain receptors in the brain.
Alcohol stimulates sodium reabsorption.
Alcohol stimulates aldosterone secretion.
Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Drinking too much alcohol results in a
headache the next day. Why does this
happen?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Alcohol stimulates pain receptors in the brain.
Alcohol stimulates sodium reabsorption.
Alcohol stimulates aldosterone secretion.
Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why is the osmolarity of medullary fluid in
the kidney almost four times higher than the
osmolarity of plasma?
a)
b)
c)
d)
The nephron loop acts as a countercurrent
multiplier and contributes solutes to the interstitial
fluid.
Urea is recycled from the collecting duct and is
transported to the interstitial fluid.
The medullary cells in the kidney synthesize
solutes to establish the high osmolarity.
Both a and b occur.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why is the osmolarity of medullary fluid in
the kidney almost four times higher than the
osmolarity of plasma?
a)
b)
c)
d)
The nephron loop acts as a countercurrent
multiplier and contributes solutes to the interstitial
fluid.
Urea is recycled from the collecting duct and is
transported to the interstitial fluid.
The medullary cells in the kidney synthesize
solutes to establish the high osmolarity.
Both a and b occur.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
How does ADH contribute to the formation
of concentrated urine?
a)
b)
c)
d)
ADH increases the permeability of the ascending
limb of the nephron loop to water.
ADH increases the permeability of the descending
limb of the nephron loop to water.
ADH increases the permeability of the collecting
duct to water by stimulating the insertion of
aquaporins into the apical membrane.
ADH decreases the permeability of the collecting
duct to water by inhibiting the insertion of
aquaporins into the apical membrane.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
How does ADH contribute to the formation
of concentrated urine?
a)
b)
c)
d)
ADH increases the permeability of the ascending
limb of the nephron loop to water.
ADH increases the permeability of the descending
limb of the nephron loop to water.
ADH increases the permeability of the collecting
duct to water by stimulating the insertion of
aquaporins into the apical membrane.
ADH decreases the permeability of the collecting
duct to water by inhibiting the insertion of
aquaporins into the apical membrane.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
What role do the vasa recta play in urine
formation?
a)
b)
c)
d)
The vasa recta create the medullary osmotic
gradient.
The vasa recta protect the medullary osmotic
gradient by preventing rapid removal of salt.
The vasa recta receive the dilute filtrate from the
distal convoluted tubule.
The vasa recta deliver urea to the medullary
interstitial fluid.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
What role do the vasa recta play in urine
formation?
a)
b)
c)
d)
The vasa recta create the medullary osmotic
gradient.
The vasa recta protect the medullary osmotic
gradient by preventing rapid removal of salt.
The vasa recta receive the dilute filtrate from the
distal convoluted tubule.
The vasa recta deliver urea to the medullary
interstitial fluid.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
When considering drug administration, why
is it important to know the renal clearance
rate of the drug?
a)
b)
c)
d)
It dictates the dosage and frequency of
administration of drugs.
It denotes how often drugs are recycled in the
kidney.
It is used to determine the healing rate of an
infection.
All of the above are factors in renal clearance rate.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
When considering drug administration, why
is it important to know the renal clearance
rate of the drug?
a)
b)
c)
d)
It dictates the dosage and frequency of
administration of drugs.
It denotes how often drugs are recycled in the
kidney.
It is used to determine the healing rate of an
infection.
All of the above are factors in renal clearance rate.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following constitutes the
largest solute component of urine?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Sodium
Potassium
Urea
Creatine
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following constitutes the
largest solute component of urine?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Sodium
Potassium
Urea
Creatine
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Urine from a person with uncontrolled
diabetes mellitus has a(n) _______ due to
the presence of _______.
a)
b)
c)
d)
brown color, bile pigments
fruity odor, acetone
acidic pH, protein
high specific gravity, sodium chloride
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Urine from a person with uncontrolled
diabetes mellitus has a(n) _______ due to
the presence of _______.
a)
b)
c)
d)
brown color, bile pigments
fruity odor, acetone
acidic pH, protein
high specific gravity, sodium chloride
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is not a layer of the
ureter?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Muscularis
Mucosa
Adventitia
Endothelium
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is not a layer of the
ureter?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Muscularis
Mucosa
Adventitia
Endothelium
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
What features of the bladder predispose it
to being able to stretch and relax
repeatedly?
a)
b)
c)
d)
The wall contains smooth muscle.
The trigone acts as a spring when the bladder
empties.
The walls are highly folded into rugae and the
epithelium is transitional.
When the bladder is emptied, the digestive viscera
compress it.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
What features of the bladder predispose it
to being able to stretch and relax
repeatedly?
a)
b)
c)
d)
The wall contains smooth muscle.
The trigone acts as a spring when the bladder
empties.
The walls are highly folded into rugae and the
epithelium is transitional.
When the bladder is emptied, the digestive viscera
compress it.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The process of voiding the bladder is called
______.
a)
b)
c)
d)
micturition
the urethral reflex
detrusor activation
incontinence
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The process of voiding the bladder is called
______.
a)
b)
c)
d)
micturition
the urethral reflex
detrusor activation
incontinence
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is the functional difference between a
male urethra and a female urethra?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Males have three urethral sphincters.
The male urethra is shared with the reproductive
system.
The male urethra is connected to the renal pelvis.
The female urethra is much longer than a male's.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is the functional difference between a
male urethra and a female urethra?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Males have three urethral sphincters.
The male urethra is shared with the
reproductive system.
The male urethra is connected to the renal pelvis.
The female urethra is much longer than a male's.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is not a change that
occurs with old age?
a)
b)
c)
d)
The bladder shrinks.
The number of nephrons decreases.
Bladder tone decreases.
Nocturia decreases.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is not a change that
occurs with old age?
a)
b)
c)
d)
The bladder shrinks.
The number of nephrons decreases.
Bladder tone decreases.
Nocturia decreases.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.