CHAPTER III:

ARTERIAL PRESSURE CONTROL

Asst. Prof. Dr. Emre Hamurtekin EMU Faculty of Pharmacy

• • CVS system includes two distinct pathways for monitoring and maintaining arterial pressure:  Baroreceptor Reflex (fast activating)  Sensors – Integrator – Effector mechanisms  Changes in blood volume by renal function (slow activating)

Sensors

: I.

II.

III.

High-pressure arterial baroreceptors Low-pressure cardiopulmonary receptors Chemoreceptors

• • • • • • Clusters of sensory nerve endings Aortic baroreceptors and carotid baroreceptors primary means of detecting changes in MAP.

are the They respond to arterial wall stretch.

Aortic baroreceptors aortic nerve vagus nerve Carotid sinus sinus nerve glossopharyngeal nerve The sensory nerves respond to stretching of the arterial wall because of the increasing MAP with

graded receptor potentials.

• • • • Sensory nerve endings embedded in the walls of the  vena cavae  pulmonary artery and vein

low-pressure regions

 atria They provide CNS ( by vagal nerve ) with information about the «

fullness

» of the vascular system.

Their principal role is in modulating renal function.

They also have a role in maintaining MAP.

• • • Monitor

local metabolite levels

flow.

which reflect the pressure and Highly vascularized glomus cell clusters Located in aortic arch ( aortic bodies ) and carotid sinus ( carotid bodies ).

• • • PO2 ˂ 60 mm Hg PCO2 ˃ 40 mm Hg PH ˂ 7.4

activation

• Principally involved in respiratory control but also reflect low perfusion pressures .

•

Medulla oblangata

 Vasomotor center ( vasoconstriction )  Cardioacceloratory center ( positive chronotropy and inotropy )  Cardioinhibitory center ( negative chronotropy )

CARDIOVASCULAR CONTROL CENTER INPUT OUTPUT Cardioinhibitory HR IMPULSE Low / High MAP -

Inhibitory interneuron

-

Inhibitory interneuron

Cardioacceleratory HR INOTROPY Vasomotor PRELOAD SVR

MAP = CO x SVR 2.

3.

4.

5.

• • Control centers adjust both CO and SVR.

Control is exerted by simple feed back loops.

When MAP falls, baroreceptor reflex starts and: 1.

SVR increases 6.

7.

Venoconstriction LV preload increases Inotropy increases HR increases CO increases SNS activation causes the adrenal glands secrete epinephrine

• • • This is responsible for circulating blood volume and Na regulation.

These pathways converge on the

kidney

.

 Water output  Water intake  Sodium output  Sodium intake

REGULATIONS

Water output is controlled by ADH (antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin, AVP).

1.

2.

ADH stimulates

water reabsorption

by the renal collecting tubules.

Increase in SVR

by constricting arterial vessels.

-

REGULATION of ADH:

Osmoreceptors: When osmolarity exceeds 280 mOsm/kg, ADH release is stimulated Baroreceptors: Decrease in circulating blood volume is detected by cardiopulmanary and arterial baroreceptors and ADH release is stimulated.

Angiotensin-II : Angiotensin-II stimulates hypothalamus to release ADH.

• • Decrease in blood volume Decrease in arterial pressure

Triggers thirst and drink water

RENIN

JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS

1.

2.

3.

Vasoconstriction.

Stimulates ADH release Stimulates thirst and salt apetite.

4.

Promotes aldosterone release from adrenal cortex.

• • --------------------------------- Aldosterone targets the renal collecting tubule epithelium.

Increases Na and water reabsorption.

• • Salt craving triggers a need to ingest NaCl.

Salt apetite is stimulated by aldosterone and Ang-II.