Transcript Life Expectancy Index
Human Development Index HDI
Lecture on the 12 th of December
What is the HDI
The HDI – human development index – is a summary composite index that measures a country's average achievements in three basic aspects of human development: health, knowledge, and a decent standard of living
HDI
• HDI measures the average achievements of a country in three basic dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life access to knowledge and a decent standard of living. The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized indices measuring achievements in each dimension
What is the HDI
The HDI ranks countries by level of "human development" and separates countries by 3 groups: developed (high development) developing (middle development) underdeveloped (low development)
What is the HDI
• HDI is a way of measuring development by combining indicators of life expectancy, educational attainment and income into a composite index. The breakthrough for the HDI was the creation of a single statistic which was to serve as a frame of reference for both social and economic development
Components of HDI – three dimensions and four indicators
Components of the HDI
Health is measured by life expectancy at birth.
Education is measured by a combination of its average and expected duration. Living standards are measured by GNI per capita (in
purchasing power parity
, PPP US$)
What is the HDI
The index is composed from statistics for Life Expectancy, Education and GNI collected at the national level using special formulas
Origins of the HDI
The origins of the HDI are to be found in the United Nations Development Programme's UNDP Human Development Reports HDRs. These were devised and launched by Pakistani Economist
Mahbub ul Haq
(February 22, 1934 - July 16, 1998) in 1990 and had the explicit purpose: ‘‘to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people centered policies’’ [1
Mahbub ul Haq
Mahbub ul Haq
Mahbub ul Haq was an influential Pakistani economist. One of the founders of human development theory, he created the HDI, used since 1993 by the United Nations Development Programme in its annual reports. He also served as the World Bank's director of policy planning (1970-1982) and headed Ministry of Finance of the Government of Pakistan and was Minister of finance and planning (1982-1984)
Mahbub ul Haq
Mr. Haq founded Human Development Centre, Pakistan in 1996. == His selected works: *The Strategy of Economic Planning (1963) *The Poverty Curtain (1976) *Reflections on Human Development (1995)
Mahbub ul Haq
To produce the HDRs, Haq brought together a group of economists well known including: development Paul Streeten, framework Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai. But it was
Amartya Sen
’s work on capabilities and functionings that provided the underlying conceptual
Amartya Sen
Amartya Sen
Amartya Sen
Amartya Sen
Amartya Kumar Sen
সেন , (
Bengali Ômorto Kumar Shen
: অমর্ত্য কুমার ; born 3 November 1933) is an eminent Indian economist. He is currently the Thomas W. Lamont University Professor and Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University. He is also a fellow of Trinity College at the University of Cambridge, where from 1998 to 2004 he was Master, the first Indian academic to head an Oxbridge college
Amartya Sen
In 1998, Sen won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his contributions to work on welfare economics.
He is known as "the Conscience of Economics” for his work on famine, human development theory, welfare economics, the underlying mechanisms of poverty, gender inequality, and political liberalism
Amartya Sen
Amartya Sen's books have been translated into more than thirty languages. He is a trustee of Economists for Peace and Security. He has received over 80 honorary doctorates. In the year 2010, Time magazine listed him among the 100 most influential persons in the world
Mahbub ul Haq
Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public, academics, and policy-makers that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also by improvements in human well-being. Sen initially opposed this idea, but he went on to help Haq develop the HDI
HDI
Sen was worried that it was difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index but Haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the attention of policy-makers from concentration on economic to human well-being
Methodology
• The HDI sets a minimum and a maximum for each dimension, called goalposts, and then shows where each country stands in relation to these goalposts, expressed as a value between 0 and 1. Minimum and maximum values need to be set in order to transform the indicators into indices between 0 and 1
Methodology
• To transform a raw variable, say
x
, into a unit free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be multiplied), the formula from the next slide is used:
Methodology
x
-index =
x x
max
x
min
x
min
,
x
min ,
x
max values the variable
x
can attain, respectively
HDI Calculation
• The HDI is the geometric mean of the three dimension indices:
HDI
3
*
Methodology
The HDI then represents the uniformly geometric average of the following factor indices: • Life Expectancy Index • Education Index
EI LEI
Average years of education
schooling index) MYSI (mean years of
Estimated years of education or
schooling index) EYSI (estimated years of
• Real GNI per capita Index
II (income index)
Goalposts for HDI in 2013 Report
Indicator Observed maximum
Life expectancy (years) 85 Mean years of schooling Expected years of schooling 15 18 GNI per capita (PPP $) 75,000
Minimum
20 0 0 100
Life Expectancy LE
LE is the expected (in the statistical sense) number of years of life remaining at a given age. It is denoted in the Life Table by e
x
, which means the average number of subsequent years of life for someone now aged
x
, according to a particular mortality experience
Life Expectancy LE
LE is usually calculated separately for males and females. Females live longer than males in countries with modern obstetric care.
In countries with high infant mortality rates, the life expectancy at birth is highly sensitive to the rate of death in the first few years of life. Another measure such as life expectancy at age 5 (e 5 ) can be used to exclude the effect of infant mortality to provide a simple measure of overall mortality rates other than in early childhood
Life Expectancy Index
LEI
• The life expectancy at birth component of the HDI is calculated using a minimum value of 20 years and maximum value of 85 years
Life Expectancy Index
LEI
• Life Expectancy Index =
LE
85
20 20
• The
Life Expectancy Index
is a statistical measure used to determine the average lifespan of the population of a certain nation or area. Life expectancy is also a factor in finding the physical quality of life of an area
Life Expectancy Index
LEI
• Thus, the LE component for a country where life expectancy at birth is 55 years would be 0.550
LEI
LEI
35 65
0.412
Education Index
• The education Index is measured by mean of years of schooling for adults aged 25 years and expected years of schooling for children of school going age. Mean years of schooling is estimated based on duration of schooling at each level of education. Expected years of schooling estimates are based on enrolment by age at all levels of education and population of official school age for each level of education
Education Index EI
EI
MYSI
EYSI
2 where
MYSI EYSI
MYS
EYS
0 0
Real GNI per capita Index
II
• The decent standard of living component is measured by GNI per capita (PPP US$). The HDI uses the logarithm of income, to reflect the diminishing importance of income with increasing GNI. For the wealth component, the goalpost for minimum income is $100 (PPP) and the maximum is $ 75000 (PPP)
Real GNI per capita Index
II
II
ln
GNI
PC
ln100
HDI • • The HDI facilitates instructive comparisons of the experiences within and between different countries • Reference:
http://hdr.undp.org/en/humandev/