Transcript Dr. Lakesh Sharma (NDSU) - Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Sensor research and algorithm
development for corn in ND
L.K. Sharma, D.W. Franzen, H. Bu, R.
Ashley, G. Endres and J. Teboh
North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
INTRODUCTION
Corn acreage in
North Dakota is
increasing at a
very high rate in
the last 10
years.
Area and production
2011- 2.06 million acre and 5.5 MT
2012- 3.2 million acre and 8.5 MT
Corn N timeline
Period of greatest uptake
Application
Day 1
Day 45
Day 80
Day 120
The first 6 weeks of growth, little N is needed
Seasonal N Uptake, %
Early
Growth
Rapid
Growth
Late
Loss
Maturing
100
75
50
25
Over 80% of N required after V8
0
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Source: Dr. Jim Schepers, NUE conference presentation, Fargo-http://nue.okstate.edu/Nitrogen_Conference2012/North_Dakota.htm
In high clay soils
• Leaching is not an issue.
• Downward movement of water in a high
clay soil (Fargo soil series) is about
0.015 inches per hour, or about 1/3 inch
per day.
Image taken June 28, 3 days after area was covered
by 6 inches of water
Active optical sensors have been identified
as a tool to increase nitrogen-use efficiency
GreenSeeker™ (Trimble)
Holland Crop Circle Sensor™ (Holland Scientific)
Holland Crop Circle-470
TARGET
User Selected
Filters
LED
ACS-470
Source: Dr. Jim Schepers, NUE conference presenattion, Fargohttp://nue.okstate.edu/Nitrogen_Conference2012/North_Dakota.htm
Red
Red
Edge
NIR
SENSOR
Greenseeker emits two bands visible and near
infrared:
NDVI= (NIR – Red)/(NIR+Red)
(774nm reading – 656nm reading)/(774nm + 656nm)
Or
(774nm reading – 710nm reading)/(774nm + 710nm)
(New GreenSeeker)
Crop Circle-470 emit three bands visible, red edge,
and near infrared:
NDVI= (NIR – Red/(NIR+Red)
(760nm reading – 670nm reading)/ (760 + 670)
Or
NDVI= (NIR – Red Edge/NIR+Red Edge)
(760nm reading – 730nm reading)/ (760 + 730)
Materials and Methods
Locations and Treatments
 51 sites were selected in 20112013.
 Six nitrogen treatments: 0, 40, 80,
120, 160, and 200 lb/acre.
 Experimental design: Randomized complete block
design with four replications.
 Plot size: 20 feet long by 10 feet wide
 Soil was sampled to 2-feet in depth for residual nitrateN preplant.
 P and K applied, if found deficient and cooperator
application not practical
Crop History & Soil Texture
Previous crop
Tillage history
Surface-subsurface soil texture
Sensor readings
Approximately 45 samples/row
The NDVI values were averaged for each plot
as well as for each treatment.
Both sensors Crop Circle and Greenseeker
were used
• 8 and 12 leaf stage over the top
Location segregation
All research
Sites
Western
sites
No till
Sites
East
High Clay
Sites
Medium
Textured
Sites
Conventional till
Higher yields/lower yields
West River No-Till
Sensor
Wavelength G-S Basic Yield Prediction Formula
for NDVI
GS
Red
V6 Yield = (188094 X INSEY) + 29
Minimum
INSEY for
N rate
0.0001
GS
Red Edge
V6 Yield = (325010 X INSEY) + 46
0.00003
CC
Red
V6 Yield = (229555 X INSEY) + 41
0.0001
CC
Red Edge
V6 Yield = (399336 X INSEY) + 60
0.00003
GS
Red
V12 Yield = (71686 X INSEY) + 57
0.0002
GS
Red Edge
V12 Yield = (139218 X INSEY) + 50
0.00015
CC
Red
V12 Yield = (120175 X INSEY) + 35
0.0002
CC
Red Edge
V12 Yield = (277715 X INSEY) + 11
0.00015
High Clay Soils Eastern North Dakota
Sensor Wavelength G-S Basic Yield Prediction Formula Minimum
for NDVI
INSEY for N
rate
GS
Red
V6 Yield = (85506 X INSEY) + 110
0.0002
GS
Red Edge
V6 Yield = (146652 X INSEY) + 93
0.00015
CC
Red
V6 Yield = (94286 X INSEY) + 120
0.0002
CC
Red Edge
V6 Yield = (161565 X INSEY) + 11
0.00015
GS
Red
V12 Yield = (132082 X INSEY) + 62
0.0004
GS
Red Edge
V12 Yield = (89991 X INSEY) + 91
0.0002
CC
Red
V12 Yield = (157411 X INSEY) + 48
0.0003
CC
Red Edge
V12 Yield = (274855 X INSEY) + 51
0.0002
Medium Texture Soils Eastern North Dakota
Sensor Wavelength
for NDVI
G-S Basic Yield Prediction Formula Minimum
INSEY for
N rate
V6 Yield = (59103 X INSEY) + 128
0.0002
GS
Red
GS
Red Edge
V6 Not established
CC
Red
V6 Yield = (91892 X INSEY) + 133
0.0002
CC
Red Edge
V6 Yield = (55652 X INSEY) + 138
0.00006
GS
Red
V12 Yield = (89116 X INSEY) + 99
0.0003
GS
Red Edge
V12 Not established
CC
Red
V12 Yield = (88306 X INSEY) + 109
0.0003
CC
Red Edge
V12 Yield = (196600 X INSEY) + 88
0.0002
Long-term No-Till Eastern North Dakota
Sensor Wavelength G-S Basic Yield Prediction Formula Minimum
for NDVI
INSEY for
N rate
GS
Red
V6 Yield = (247906 X INSEY) + 67
0.00015
GS
Red Edge
V6 Not established
CC
Red
V6 Yield = (212021 X INSEY) + 103 0.00015
CC
Red Edge
V6 Not established
GS
Red
V12 Not established
GS
Red Edge
V12 Not established
CC
Red
V12 Not established
CC
Red Edge
V12 Yield = (363492 X INSEY) + 7
0.00015
Procedure to use algorithm
Corn yield difference in kg/ha.
X 1.25 % N in corn grain
divided by efficiency factor 0.6
= N rate in kg/ha
Yield
Reference Yield
Field Yield estimate
INSEY in field
INSEY
Reference
INSEY
Example-
Reference yield predicted- 120 bushels
In-field yield estimated- 60 bushels
difference = 60 bushels X 56 lb N/bushel
= 3360 pounds
X 0.0125 = 42 lb N
42 /0.6 efficiency factor = 70 lb N
at that location.
Wavelength evaluation of two ground based
active optical sensors to detect sulfur deficiency
in corn using N rich within field areas
Tillage system, soil type, planting date and date of the
first and second sensing of experimental sites.
Locations Tillage
System
Arthur
Oakes
GPS
Coordinated
Soil Type
Planting First
Dates
Sensing
(V6
stage)
Convention 47o 06’ 50.963” Coarse-silty, 05/15/13 06/20/13
al-tillage
N, 97o 57’
mixed,
55.219” W
superactive,
frigid Pachic
Hapludolls
No-till
46006’38.066’’ Coarse-silty, 05/11/13 06/18/13
N
mixed,
97057’55.219’’ superactive,
frigid Aeric
Calciaquolls
Second
Sensing
(V12
stage)
07/10/13
07/09/13
Crop Circle red edge INSEY
LSD(p=0.05)469E-7
0.0004
a
0.0003
ab
b
ab
b
ab
179
224
0.0002
0.0001
Relationship between N rate and
Crop circle red edge INSEY (Crop
circle red edge wavelength
reading/growing degree-days), V6 at
Arthur
0
Crop Circle red edge INSEY
Control
45
90
135
N rate (kg ha-1)
LSD(p=0.05)351E-7
0.0005
0.0004
c
bc
ab
b
ab
d
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0
Control
45
90
135
N rate (kg ha-1)
179
224
Relationship between N rate and
Crop circle red edge INSEY (Crop
circle red edge wavelength
reading/growing degree-days), V12
at Arthur
Crop Circle red edge
INSEY
y = 1E-09x2 - 4E-07x + 0.0003
R² = 0.1334
0.0004
0.0003
Relationship of Crop Circle red
edge INSEY (sensor red edge
NDVI/growing degree-days from
planting to sensing) and N rate,
V6 stage at Arthur
0.0002
0.0001
0
0
100
200
N rate (kg ha-1)
300
Crop Circle red edge
INSEY
0.0005
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
y=
0.0001
-3E-09x2
+ 1E-06x + 0.0003
R² = 0.7661
0
0
100
200
N rate (kg ha-1)
300
Relationship of Crop Circle red
edge INSEY (sensor red edge
NDVI/growing degree-days from
planting to sensing) and N rate,
V12 stage at Arthur
Overall Conclusion
Multiplying INSEY by the corn height improve
the relationship between INSEYS and Yield.
Red edge NDVI is better at 2nd stage than Red
NDVI.
Crop circle red edge was found better as
compared to Greenseeker 2nd stage.
V12 leaf stage was found better in predicting
yield as compared to V8.
Inseason N rate algorithm was successfully
build with help of sensors.
This algorithms is a starting point for
growers.
NDSU Computer Science (Anne Denton- a
ICPA presenter) are developing a ‘machine
learning’ tool, which will help growers to
add their data into the existing algorithm to
make the algorithm their ‘own’.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Special Thanks
• Dr. Dave Franzen (PhD Advisor)
• Dr. Tom DeSutter (PhD Committee member)
• Dr. R. J. Goos (PhD Committee member)
• Dr. Joel Ransom (PhD Committee member)
• Thanks to the North Dakota Corn Council,
IPNI and Pioneer Hi-Bred International for
their support of this project. Also to Dr. Anne
Denton, NDSU Computer Science Department
and the National Science Foundation. Also to
Honggang Bu, Brad Schmidt and Eric Schultz.