Transcript Internet, Smart Phones, & Co: The role of new media in

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Examining the Social Norms Approach for the
Prevention and Reduction of Drug Use in University
and College Students in seven European Countries
The Social Norms Intervention for the Prevention of
Polydrug Use (SNIPE) Study
Claudia R. Pischke, PhD, Stefanie Helmer, MSc, Katharina
Gallois, MSc, Rafael Mikolajczyk, PhD MD, Hajo Zeeb, PhD MD,
Guido van Hal, PhD, Bart Vriesacker, MSc, John McAlaney, PhD, Robert Dempsey, PhD,
Bridgette Bewick, PhD, Christiane Stock, PhD, Solveig Boggild Dohrmann,
Francisco Guillen Grima, PhD, Olga Orosova, PhD, Ferdinand Salonna, PhD,
Ondrej Kalina, MA, Yildiz Akvardar, PhD
European Commission
Directorate General Justice, Freedom
and Security
(JLS/2009-2010/DPIP/AG)
Drug Consumption among Young Adults:
12-Months Prevalence
• Licit drugs
• Illicit drugs
Alcohol ~ 94%
Any ~ 16%
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Cannabis ~15%
Binge drinking ~21%
Amphetamines ~3%
(at least 1x month)
Ecstasy ~1%
Cocaine ~2%
Tobacco ~ 38% men,
~ 30% women
Spice ~1.9%
Heroin ~0.2%
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2010 National Report (2009 Data)
EMCDDA National Report Germany 2010 (2009 Data)
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The Role of Peers…
The Social Norms Approach
Perceived Social Norms Re: Legal Drug Use
among College and University Students
• US & Canada & Australia
Binge drinking, Tobacco use, Marihuana use
e.g., Haines & Barker, 2003 (In: Perkins, 2003); Kilmer et al., J Stud
Alcohol, 2006
• Europe – Scotland, England, Hungary, Slovak
Republic, Romania, Czech Republic, Finland,
Denmark
Binge drinking
e.g., McAlaney et al., J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 2007; Bewick et al., Addict
Behav, 2008; Page et al., Subst Use Misuse, 2008
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Effects of Social Norms Interventions
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• Change toward less exaggerated perception of
peer alcohol and tobacco use
• Reduced alcohol & tobacco consumption
Perkins, Addict Behav, 2007
Page et al., Subst Use Misuse, 2008
Larimer et al., J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 2009
Moreira et al., Cochrane Library, 2009
Objectives – SNIPE Project
• To assess and compare self-reported frequency
of the consumption of licit and illicit drugs among
university and college students in seven
European countries
• To examine the effects of an internet ‘social
norms’ intervention on rates of both licit and illicit
drug use over the course of 5 months
• To examine the feasibility of this e-health
intervention in the European context
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Design
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Intervention Group: Access to a website portal
providing individualized social norms feedback
(N=1000)
Delayed Intervention Control Group: Access to
the intervention website after study completion
(N=1000)
Baseline and 5-months Follow-up Assessments:
→
Perceptions of personal and peer drug use
→
Rates of personal licit and illicit drug use
Workstream 0
Workstream 1
(University of Bremen):
Project Coordination
(University of Antwerp):
Intervention Development
• Monitoring of project
activities
• Management of internal
communication
• Setting up of a steering
committee
• Management of financial
issues
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• Literature review
• Design of the intervention
format
Screening
(Personalized) social norms
feedback
• Development of website and
platform
• Pre-testing of the intervention
• Translation of the intervention
Workstream 2
Workstream 3
(University of Bradford):
Survey and Intervention
Application
(University of Leeds):
Intervention Process
Evaluation
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• Survey testing
• Process evaluation of the
implementation of the social
norms intervention
• Survey and intervention
implementation (baseline,
5-months follow-up)
→ Neither involved in the
• Analysis of survey data
development of the
• Survey design
survey nor intervention
Workstream 4
(University of Southern Denmark):
Dissemination
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• Development of a flyer
• Workshops / Seminars
• Study website: www.snipe-study.eu
• Exchange program for young researchers in the field of social
norms research
Study Registration vs. Participation
Registration
Intervention
Intervention
Group(s)
Registration
Control
Control
Group(s)
Belgium
441
242
360
168
United
Kingdom
185
58
20
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Germany*
551
311
278
185
Spain
126
47
98
40
Denmark
471
165
351
122
Slovak
Republic*
1633
838
1216
464
Turkey*
894
381
897
372
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* Germany: 2 control sites
Slovak Republic: 2 intervention, 2 control sites
Turkey: 5 control sites
Challenges during Recruitment
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• Difficult to get universities on board
• Different channels of recruitment:
Email, lectures/seminars, facebook, postcards/flyer, radio,
university homepages
• Novelty of web-based intervention
Perceived vs. Actual Rates of Alcohol Consumption
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Male students
Female students
Most of the
How often the
students think that majority actually
the majority drinks drank alcohol
at least…
Most of the
How often the
students think that majority actually
the majority drinks drank alcohol
at least…
Belgium
Twice a week
(67,9%)
Once a week
(55,6%)
Once a week
(88,2%)
Once every two
weeks (54,3%)
United
Kingdom
Once a week (68%)
Once every two
weeks (48%)
Once a week (73%)
Twice (51,8%)
Germany
Twice a week
(53,0%)
Weekly (52,2%)
Twice a week
(50,6%)
Once every two
weeks (50,0%)
Spain
Twice a week
(53,1%)
Weekly (56,3%)
Weekly (72,7%)
Once every two
weeks (60,0%)
Denmark
Weekly (64,6%)
Once every two
weeks (68,1%)
Weekly (70,8%)
Once every two
weeks (50,0%)
Slovak
Republic
Twice a week
(50,8%)
Once every two
weeks (56,3%)
Weekly (68,3%)
Twice (50,8%)
Turkey
Once every two
weeks (53,8%)
Not in the last 2
months (56,0%)
Twice (61,0%)
Not in the last 2
months (60,9%)
* data refer to the last two months before survey
Perceived vs. Actual Rates of Cannabis Consumption
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Male students
Female students
Rate of students
who think that the
majority has used
cannabis at least
once *
Actual rate of
students that
have used
cannabis *
Rate of students
who think that the
majority has used
cannabis at least
once *
Actual rate of
students that
have used
cannabis *
Belgium
67,9%
9,3%
60,6%
6,1%
United
Kingdom
68,0%
28,0%
60,6%
7,0%
Germany
70,0%
38,8%
70,0%
20,6%
Spain
75,0%
6,2%
72,7%
4,4%
Denmark
33,3%
6,2%
27,6%
3,7%
Slovak
Republic
73,4%
12,6%
57,1%
3,4%
Turkey
22,9%
4,6%
13,4%
3,0%
* data refer to the last two months before survey
Alcohol
Tobacco
Cannabis
Alcohol & Smoking
Did you know?
99% of male students at the
University of Bradford have
never used cocaine
Click on the links next to the SPINman to find out how you compare
with other students…
General Alcohol Use (in the last two months) ?
“I drank alcohol once every two
weeks in the last two months”
I said
Alcohol
Tobacco
“I think that the majority of male students at
Bradford drank alcohol once a week”
Cannabis
Alcohol & Smoking
Most male students (68%)
at Bradford University said:
We think that the majority of male Bradford
students drank alcohol at least once a week
Did you know?
Actually, most male students from Bradford (60%)
96% of male students
from Bradford have NEVER
used hallucinogens (e.g., LSD,
acid, mushrooms)
drank alcohol once a week or less!
Number of alcoholic
drinks consumed
What about getting
drunk on alcohol?
Click here!
Click here!
Smoking Cannabis (in the last two months) ?
I said
‘I haven’t used cannabis’
Alcohol
Tobacco
Cannabis
Alcohol & Smoking
Did you know?
88% of male students at
Bradford think that it is never
OK to use inhalants (e.g., glue,
petrol, paint thinner)
‘I think the majority of male students from Bradford
use cannabis once every two weeks’
Most male students (68%)
at Bradford University said:
We think the majority of male students at the
University of Bradford used cannabis at least once in
the past two months
What male Bradford students actually do:
28%
72%
Have NOT used
cannabis
Have used
cannabis
Smoking tobacco whilst drinking
(in the last two months)
I said
Alcohol
Tobacco
‘I smoked cigarettes whilst drinking
alcohol once a fortnight’
‘I think the majority of male students from Bradford
smoked cigarettes whilst drinking alcohol once in the
past two months’
Cannabis
Alcohol & Smoking
Did you know?
88% of male students from
the University of Bradford have
never used ecstasy
Most male students (80%)
at Bradford University said:
We think that most male Bradford students have smoked
cigarettes when drinking alcohol at least twice in the
past 2 months
Actually, most male students from Bradford
(64%) have not smoked cigarettes whilst
drinking alcohol!
• BIPS, Bremen University, Germany
Claudia R. Pischke, Stefanie Helmer, Katharina
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Gallois, Rafael Mikolajczyk, Hajo Zeeb
• University Antwerp, Belgium
Guido van Hal, Bart Vriesacker
• University of Bradford, UK
John McAlaney
• University of Leeds, UK
Bridgette Bewick
• University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
Christiane Stock, Solveig Boggild Dohrmann
• University of Navarra, Spain
Francisco Guillen Grima
• University of Kosice, Slovakia
Olga Orosova, Ferdinand Salonna, Ondrej Kalina
• Marmara University, Turkey
Yildiz Akvardar
European Commission
Directorate General Justice, Freedom
and Security
(JLS/2009-2010/DPIP/AG)
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THE END
Getting Drunk On Alcohol (in the last two months) ?
Alcohol
Tobacco
‘I have been drunk twice in
the last 2 months’
I said
‘I think the majority of male students from Bradford get
drunk weekly’
Cannabis
Alcohol & Smoking
Did you know?
96% of male students at
Bradford have NEVER used
non-prescribed medication (such
as ritalin) to improve academic
performance
Most male students (68%)
at Bradford University said:
We think that the majority of other male Bradford
students got drunk at least twice in the past two
months
Actually, most male Bradford students (76%) got
drunk no more than twice in the past 2 months!
More info about
general alcohol use…?
Number of alcoholic
drinks consumed
Click here!
Click here!
Number Of Drinks (in the last two months) ?
‘I have 5 alcoholic drinks during a
typical drinking session’
I said
Alcohol
Tobacco
‘I think most male students at Bradford drank 6 alcoholic
drinks during a typical drinking session’
Cannabis
Alcohol & Smoking
Most male students (60%)
at Bradford University said:
“We think most male Bradford students drank at least 5
alcoholic drinks during a typical drinking session”
Did you know?
71% of male students at
Bradford think it’s never ok to
use ecstacy
Actually, most male Bradford students (68%)
drank no more than 4 alcoholic drinks during a
typical drinking session!
More info about
general alcohol use…?
What about getting
drunk on alcohol?
Click here!
Click here!
Smoking Tobacco (in the last two months) ?
I said
Alcohol
Tobacco
Cannabis
Alcohol & Smoking
Did you know?
96% of male Bradford
students have NEVER used
sedatives or sleeping pills
(e.g., diazepam, alprazolam)
‘I smoked cigarettes twice a
week’
‘I think the majority of male students from Bradford
smoke cigarettes daily’
Most male students (76%)
at Bradford University said:
We think most male Bradford students smoke at least
one cigarette a fornight
Harmful Health Consequences of…
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• Licit Drug Use
• Illicit Drug Use
Pulmonary diseases
Overdose death
Cardiovascular problems
Infectious diseases
Cancers
Kidney damage
Mental health disorders
Mental health disorders
Infertility
Neurological damage
Preterm delivery, stillbirth
Liver disease
Memory loss
Accidents
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2010
Center for Disease Control, 2011
World Health Organisation, 2011
National Institutes of Health, 2011
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Model of Social Norms Approach to Health Promotion
Baseline
Identify actual
and misperceived
norms
Intervention
Intensive exposure
to actual norm
messages
Predicted Results
Less exaggerated
misperceptions
of norms
+
Reduction in
harmful behavior
Increase in healthy
behavior
Perkins, 2003, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, p. 3-17.