Transcript strategy - Abscience.org

strategy
• Faersch and Kasper (1980):
”a potentially conscious plan for solving what to
the individual presents itself as a problem in
reaching a particular goal”
• Lőrcher (1991):
”a potentially consious procedure for the solution of a problem
which an individual is faced with when translating a text
segment from one language into another”
compiled by Anna Bączkowska
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Method, procedure, technique, plan,
strategy
• method – concerned with a text as a whole,
solving global problems
• Procedure – concerned with sentence and
phrase level
• Technique – solving ‘local’ problems
• Plan – mental action, macroaction, global
concept,
• Strategy - Lőrcher (1991), procedural
knowledge, means of reaching a plan
compiled by Anna Bączkowska
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Idioms - Gottlieb
• 8 strategies (later 12), 4 relations and 3-grade scale of
quality
STRATEGIES
1. Congruence: SL i > identical TL i
2. Equivalence: SL i > similar TL i
3. Correspondence: SL i > different TL i
4. Reduction: SL i > TL word
5. Paraphrase: SL i > TL phrase
6. Expansion: SL i > TL circumlocution
7. Omission: SL i > 0
8. Compensation: SL non-i > TL idiom
compiled by Anna Bączkowska
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Gottlieb 2 - relations
• Adherence: congruence (i>identical i),
equivalence (i>similar i), correspondence
(i>different i)  [I > I]
• Literalisation: reduction (i>w), paraphrase
(i>phrase), expansion (i>circumlocution)  [I
> NI]
• Deletion: omission (i>0)
• Idiomatisation: compensation (ni>i)
compiled by Anna Bączkowska
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Gottlieb 3 – scale of quality
• Correspondent
• Insufficient
• Defective
Based on the author’s subjective
judgements, no definition provided
by the author
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Gottlieb – 12 strategies (quality judements)
based on a combination of 4 relations and scale of quality
RELATION
Adherence
(i>i)
QUALITY
STRATEGY
correspondent
transposition
insufficient
emulation
defective
falsification
Literalisation correspondent
paraphrase
(i>ni)
insufficient
reduction
defective
lesion
Deletion
correspondent
elimination
insufficient
lacuna
defective
amputation
Idiomatisation correspondent
elaboration
insufficient
complication
defective
alienation
compiled by Anna Bączkowska
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Vinay and Darbelnet’s
procedures and techniques (1958)
• Borrowing /loanword: holus-bolus (from Gr.
Holus-’all’ and bolus ‘entire’; Eng. All together
• Calque – „special kind of borrowing”, an
expression form is borrowed and next translated
literally (each element); 2 subtypes: lexical and
structural ; eg. "Alleinvertretungsanspruch" can
be calqued to "single-representation-claim"
• Literal translation = word-for-word translation, „
a direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically
and idiomatically appropriate TL text”
compiled by Anna Bączkowska
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Vinay and Darbelnet’s 2
procedures and techniques (1958)
• Transposition – „replacing one word
class [lexical-syntactic] with another
without changing the meaning”
• Modulation – „a variation of the
form of the message, obtained by a
change in the point of view”
compiled by Anna Bączkowska
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Ivir’s procedures
(translation of culture)
To resolve „differences in the extralinguistic
reality of the two cultures”
- Borrowing of SL expression
- Definition –allows for what TL/C know „to
make them aware of what they don’t know”,
it’s „reducing the unknown to the known and
the unshared to the shared”
- Literal translation
compiled by Anna Bączkowska
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Ivir’s procedures - 2
(translation of culture)
• Substitution- used when two cultures display a
partial overlap (rathern than complete
absence/presence); „a source cultural element
finds not an empty slot but sth like it”
• Lexical creation: 1. invention- football>Hr.
Nogomet (foot=noga + met)
2. New collocations – soft drinks>Hr.
Bezalkoholna piéa
3. Omission – guten apttit > En. ø
compiled by Anna Bączkowska
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Mailhac’s procedures (1996)
cultural reference
• 3: Exoticism with minimum presence of the
translator, exoticism with maximum presence
of the translator, cultural transplantation
• CR parameters which influence procedures:
- Cultural borrowing; literal translation;
definition; cultural substitution; lexical
creation (from Ivir); deliberate omission;
compensation, combination of procedures;
footnote
compiled by Anna Bączkowska
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Aixela’s procedures (1996)
culture-specific items
• Shows degrees of intercultural manipulation
(categorization of culture-specific items); conservation
vs. substitution procedures
• CONSERVATION PROCEDURES
1. Repetition (leaving as much as possible from ST)
2. Orthographic adaptation (transliteration, transcription;
Newmark’s naturalisation; Catford’s transference)
3. Linguistic (non-cultural) translation (word close to SL
but with increased comprehensibility, TL version has
obvious connotations with SL, e.g.
compiled by Anna Bączkowska
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Aixela’s procedures (1996)
culture-specific items 2
4. Linguistic (non-cultural) translation (word close
to SL but with increased comprehensibility, TL
verstion has obvious connotations with SL, e.g.
En. Grand Jury, Sp. Grand jurado (in US – wielka
ława przysięgłych)
5. Extratextual gloss (footnote, endnote,
commentary, translation in brackets, etc.)
6. Intratextual gloss (integral part of the text, e.g.
St. Mark > Hotel St. Mark)
compiled by Anna Bączkowska
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Aixela’s procedures (1996)
culture-specific items 3
SUTSTITUTION PROCEDURES
Synonymy (Bacardi>Bacardi; Bacardi> rum; to avoid
repetition)
Limited universalisation (TW belongs to Source Culture
but is closer to TC reader; eg. American football >
balon de rugby Sp.
Absolute universalisation (deleting any foreign
connotations>neutral; corned beef (peklowana w
puszcze)>loncha de jamon (slices of ham)
Naturalisation (=Ivir’s substitution; =Vinay and
Darbelnet’s adaptation; =Nemark’s cultural equivalent;
Deletion
compiled by Anna Bączkowska
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Aixela’s procedures (1996)
culture-specific items 4
Autonomous creation – putting in nonexistent
cultural reference (source specific) in the S
text
Attentuation – replacing ‘too strong’ or
unacceptable words by ‘softer’ words, on
ideological grounds
Compensation = deletion + autonomous
creation
compiled by Anna Bączkowska
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Hervey and Higgins (1992)
degrees of cultural transposition (DCT)
• DCT – degree of departure from literal
translation, aim is to minimise the ‘foreign’
and naturalise to TL
Exoticism-”resorts to linguistic and cultural
strangeness” (p. 30)
cultural transplantation-complete rewriting of
the entire text for the T audience
Cultural borrowing – transferring ST expression
verbatim >TT
compiled by Anna Bączkowska
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Hervey and Higgins (1992)
degrees of cultural transposition (DCT) 2
• Calque (=literal translation) – „an expression
that consists of TL words and respects TL
syntax, but is unidiomatic in the TL because it
is modelled on the structure of a SL
expression” (p. 33). Bad calque: imitates SL
structure to the point of being ungrammatical
in the TL; good calque: reaches a compromise
between a ST structure and TL grammar
compiled by Anna Bączkowska
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Hervey and Higgins (1992)
degrees of cultural transposition (DCT) 3
• Communicative translation – communicative
equivalents: includes proverbs, idioms,
conventional phrases (Beware of the dog >
Vorsicht, bissiger Hund); c. paraphrase: set
phrases of SL do not have communicative TL
equivalents (=Newmark’s neutralisation)
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