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Techniques in post
treatment of ABR
effluents in treating
municipal wastewater
A literature review of appropriate technologies for Nepal
Sanita Dhaubanjar’13
Smith-Princeton Exchange Student 2011
PEI Health Grand Challenge
Project Title : Study on the water systems and delivery of
water in Kathmandu Nepal
Organization: Oxford University Clinical Research Unit,
Kathmandu, Nepal
Project Summary: The project would involve work with the
epidemiology team of OUCRU-NP and the Engineering
Department of Kathmandu City to GIS map all the water
spouts, investigate the water delivery systems, and link this
with the on-going molecular epidemiology of enteric fever in
the city.
Developing a New Project
Project: Research on Wastewater treatment technologies
Organisation: Bio-Based and Green Energy Lab (BGEL) at
Kathmandu University (KU)
Project Advisors:
Dr Bivek Baral, Coordinator, BGEL
Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU
Email: [email protected]
Sunil Lohani
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU
Email: [email protected]
Proposed Goals of Study
Literature review of Anaerobic Baffle Reactor (ABR)
technology to Identify suitable pre and post treatment
technology to supplement ABR as they effluent quality from
ABR does not acceptable standards. Focus on less land
intensive technologies.
Review different wastewater efmeet fluent standards around
the world, especially in south-Asian countries like Nepal and
suggest acceptable and reasonable effluent standards for
Nepal.
Current status of wastewater
treatment in Kathmandu, Nepal
Dhobighat Wastewater Treatment Plant
Kodku Wastewater Treatment Plant
Status of wastewater treatment
The 5 centralized WWTP that are not working. All plants
were based primarily on aerobic degradation.
About 12 communities tried to implement decentralized
Reed Bed Treatment. ENPHO and handful of private
groups invested in constructed wetland based treatment.
Roughly 370 MLD of wastewater produced in the country
of which the installed WWTP account for only 37 MLD
(10% of total demand)
Identified Problems in Nepal
Technical inefficiencies
Blocked sewers due to inadequate flushing and self cleaning
Lack of filtration or sedimentation as pre-treatment
Lack of institutional capacity to run WWTP
Failure to design for combined sewer overflows (CSOs)
Traditionally preferred system of waste stabilization ponds not favored
because of increased land cost, and advanced systems are not being
constructed because of high capital and operational costs plus lack of
technical expertise.
Administrative inefficiencies
Overlapping responsibility between various government sectors in
maintenance of sewer systems.
Lack of strict monitoring of wastewater discharge.
Anaerobic Baffle Reactor:
Overview
Schematic cross-section of an up-flow ABR. Source: Morel & Diener (2006)
Highlights from review
Optimal reactor conditions and supplements available in literature to enhance
performance
Suitable technologies found in literature
Coagulation-Floccultaion using Zeolite/polymer columns
Membrane Separation Technologies, espcecially Ultrafiltration
Aerobic CSTRs
Submergerd aerated bio-filter
Dissolved air flotation
Trickling filter
Anaerobic filters
Wetlands and aerated lagoons
Soil Aquifier treatment (SAT)
Anaerobic filters
Down flowhanging sludge filters
Activated Sludge processes
UV/H2O2
Periodic Anaerobic Baffle Reactor for time varying loadings
Other Suggestions
Wastewater characterization
Identify and raise awareness about potential reuse of
treated wastewater
Cost analysis of various combination of wastewater
treatment
Surveys to understand the interests and knowledge of
communities in managing their own wastes
My Learning experience
Valuable insight on starting and conducting researches
and literature review
Increased efficiency in conducting searches using Journal
Search Engines
Knowledge about wastewater treatment technologies and
their appropriateness
Status of wastewater treatment in Nepal
Understand the importance of networking
Acknowledgements
Dr. Baral and Prof. Lohani at Kathmandu University
Dr Jeremy Farrar and Nepal’s team at OUCRU
PEI Health Grand Challenges