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Forschungsmethoden der Psychologie Tutorium 9 Übersicht 1. Textanalyse 1. Theorie 2. Empirie Textanalyse Textinterpretation Text / Material: Verschriftlichte Sprache + parasprachliches (Lachen, Hüsteln) + nichtsprachliches (Mimik, Gestik) +jede Art von Zeichen Text Antwort Frage neue Textinterpretation Hermeneutischer Zirkel: Externer Kontext Teil Überprüfung Interpretation Interpretation Überprüfung Ganzes Interner Kontext Textinterpretation Externer Kontext Gegenstand Situation R C P Funktionen Text Interner Kontext Darstellungsfkt. Ausdrucksfkt. Appellfunktion Textinterpretation Vorgehensweise: 1. Interner Kontext untersuchen 2. Externer Kontext untersuchen 3. Externen Kontext prüfen Kempf, 2006, S.344 Vergleich Analysiert wird: Quantitative Inhaltsanalyse Textinterpretative Verfahren Stichprobe von Texten Einzelne Texte Gegenstand Zielt auf den manifesten Gehalt Zielt auf den latenten Gehalt (die der eines Textes Bedeutung) eines Textes Analyse: Berelson (z.n. Lamnek, Das heißt aber nicht auf die Manifester vs. S.190): "Inhaltsanalyse ist "Wirkung" des Textes auf Latenter eine Forschungstechnik zur einen möglichen Hörer, Leser Gehalt objektiven, systematischen oder Empfänger, Aufgabenstell und quantitativen Deskription sondern auf die ung: von manifestem Rekonstruktion der durch den Deskription vs. Kommunikationsinhalt. Text selbst repräsentierten Rekonstrukt Bedeutungszuweisungen ion (Lamnek, S. 196), denen der Empfänger folgen kann oder auch nicht. Vergleich Quantitative Inhaltsanalyse Fokussierte Aspekte im Vordergrund steht der der Kommunikation: report-Aspekt der Report-Aspekt vs. Kommunikation Command- und parade-aspekt Interpretation der Analyseergebnisse Präsentation der Ergebnisse: Summarisch vs, exemplarisch Textinterpretative Verfahren verstärkte Beachtung von command- und paradeAspekt Zielt auf das Bedeutungspotential, das durch die Grundgesamtheit der Texte repräsentiert wird Zielt auf das Bedeutungspotential, das durch den jeweiligen Text repräsentiert wird Summarische (statistische) Ergebnispräsentation verlangt nach Repräsentativität der analysierten Textstichprobe Exemplarische Ergebnispräsentation verlangt nach Typikalität der analysierten Texte Beispiel 1 • Structural (sequental) analysis of narratives The Struggle with the Angel (textual analysis of Genesis 32: 22-32 by Roland Barthes in his Image-Music-Text, 1977, 125-142) Beispiel 1 Three tasks of a structural analysis: 1) The inventorization and classification of the 'psychological', biographical, characterial and social attributes of the characters involved in the narrative (age, sex, external qualities, social situation or position of importance, etc.). 2) The inventorization and classification of the functions of the characters; what they do according to their narrative status, in their capacity as subject of an action that remains constant: the Sender, the Seeker, the Emissary, etc. 3) The inventorization and classification of the actions, the plane of the verbs. These narrative actions are organized in sequences, in successions apparently ordered according to a pseudo-logical schema (it is a matter of a purely empirical, cultural logic, a product of experience - even if ancestral - and not of reasoning). Beispiel 1 Metonymic logic is that of the unconscious. Hence it is perhaps in that direction that one would need to pursue the present study, to pursue the reading of the text - its dissemination, not its truth. Evidently, there is a risk in so doing of weakening the episode's economico-historical force (certainly existent, at the level of the exchanges of tribes and the questions of power). Yet equally in so doing the symbolic explosion of the text (not necessarily of a religious order) is reinforced. The problem, the problem at least posed for me, is exactly to manage not to reduce the Text to a signified, whatever it may be (historical, economic, folkloristic or kerygmatic), but to hold its signifiance fully open. Barthes 1977, 141 Beispiel 2 • Analysis of speeches of political leaders • Postoutenko, Kirill. 2010. Performance and management of political leadership in totalitarian and democratic societies in Totalitation Communication: Hierarchies, Codes and Messages, ed. Kirill Postoutenko. Bielefeld: transkript Verlag, p.91-121 Beispiel 2 • Primary sources: speeches of Hitler in 1935, 1938, 1941, 1942; speeches of Stalin in 1937a, 1937b, 1947, 1942, 1943; and speeches of Roosevelt in 1936a, 1936b, 1936c, 1936c, 1936d, 1936e, 1941, 1942a, 1942b, 1943. (1000 sentences for Hitler, 1022 sentences for Stalin and 1101 for Roosevelt) • Research question: singular vs. Plural selfreferences in leader‘s texts Beispiel 2 • How often do the respective leaders refer to themselves as the individual ego-centers of discursive perfomance (I, me, my) as opposed to the collective ego-centers of discursive performance (we, our, us)? Beispiel 3 Analysis of news articles Wolf, Irina. 2010. Uneasy communication in the authoritative state: the case of Hizb ut-Tahrir in Kyrgyzstan in Totalitation Communication: Hierarchies, Codes and Messages, ed. Kirill Postoutenko. Bielefeld: transkript Verlag, p.275-301 Analysis of coverage of a certain issue in press QUALITATIVE • Reviewing literature and reading several articles in order to construct a coding book QUANTITATIVE • • • • Coding articles in accodance with the predefined variables Analysing data with LCA, simple frequencies and cross-tabulations Identification of the most typical articles representing the latent classes Reading the most typical articles and describing the classes • Identification of the time periods (months) when HT was the most newsworthy • Identification of the events that made HT newsworthy • Identifying what patterns (latent classes) were used to report about these events • Trying to answer why certain patterns were used in specific circumstances Surveying/interviewing journalists • Wolf (unpublished) Beispiel 3 Coverage of suicide bombings in Uzbekistan in 2004 in the Kyrgyz Vechernii Bishkek, British The Times and German Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. • KGZ: pure propaganda of the Uzbek state • GB: very emotional criticism of human rights accords in UZB, in particular towards HT members • Germany: moderate criticism of poor human rights accords in UZB possible reasons: different legal statuses of HT; proximity of countries; dependence of KGZ on Uzbek‘s natural resources; form of governments; media dependence/independence; foreign policies of European states, etc. Das war es für heute!