Transcript US Expansion 1783 to 1867

US Expansion 1783 to
1867
Filling our continental borders
and beyond
British Colonization
• Number of wars, treaties, and agreements
with Native Americans from the early
1600s through the mid 1700s established
the territory east of the Appalachians as
British controlled
• Treaty of Paris -1763 expelled the French
• Proclamation Line of 1763
Treaty of Paris 1783
• Borders defined: Canada to North,
Spanish Florida to the South, Mississippi
River to the West
• People could legally populate territory
West of Appalachians
Indian Problem
• Native Americans occupy this land
– Indian confederation formed (Miami, Shawnee, and
Delaware) to halt American expansion
• American army in the west led by General “Mad”
Anthony Wayne
• Battle of Fallen Timbers – Aug 20, 1794
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Maumee, Ohio
Less than 100 die on both sides
American Victory
British soldiers killed fighting with Indians
Americans find British guns with the Indian dead
Treaty of Greenville - 1795
• Indians renounce claims to Ohio Territory
– Cuyahoga River est. as western border
• Tecumseh is there, refused to sign treaty
• Set the stage for settlement in the NW
territory, OH 1803, etc
Treaty of Greenville, 1795
Pinckney’s Treaty 1795
• Between US and Spain
• Spain had control of Miss. Ri and closed it to American
shipping in the 1780s, aggravating western farmers.
– Under articles there was little America could do
• Spain entered a war with Britain in 1795 and saw Jay’s
Treaty as the beginning of a British-American alliance
– Spain did not want to create an enemy in the Americas
• Settle border dispute between Georgia and Florida: US
gains large tract of land
• Right of deposit in New Orleans and ability to trade on
Mississippi River
• Set the stage for the Adams Onis Treaty (Florida
Purchase Treaty)
Prelude to the Louisiana Purchase
• Spain owned this territory in late 1700s
• 1801: Spain sold it to France
• Napoleon removed the right of free deposit
in New Orleans
– Western farmers are not happy
• Jefferson sends representatives to France
to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans
Louisiana Purchase - 1803
• Napoleon was at war with Britain
• Slave revolt on Santo Domingo led by T.O.
(Toussaint L’Ouverture)
• Napoleon decided to focus efforts on Europe, so
he offers to sell United States 830,000 sq. miles
for $15 million
• Americans are stunned
• The American diplomats (Robert Livingston and
James Monroe) did not have authority to sign,
but tentatively agreed upon approval. For $11
million + forgive $4 million in debt
Effects of the La. Purchase
• Almost doubles the size of the United
States
• Secured ability for United States
expansion west
• Gets France off our border
• Set a precedent for future purchases
• Boost the national confidence
Lewis and Clark
• What the heck did we just buy?
• Jefferson commissioned Meriwether Lewis and
William Clark to lead an expedition west in 1804
from St. Louis and collect information on the
land
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Make maps (topography – mountains, rivers)
Collect flora and fauna
Information on people
Make a political statement to Europe and Natives
The Journey
• Leave from St. Louis in May, 1814 with 38 men
• Followed the Missouri River to Mandan, North
Dakota where they camped for the winter
• Headed west the next year to Oregon and the
Pacific
• Returned in 1806 with maps, drawings, and
information on the peoples and wildlife of the
area
Lewis & Clark Illustrations
Zebulon Pike Expedition
• 1805-1806 – traveled from St. Louis north
to the headwaters of the Mississippi River
in Minnesota
• 1806-1807 – traveled west from St. Louis
into Colorado. Found Pike’s Peak. Then
traveled south to Santa Fe
• Collected information about this territory
Treaty of Ghent – 1814
• Restores national pride and confidence
– Felt we beat the Brits, again!
• Other nations begin to have more
confidence in the viability of the United
States
• Helps to establish borders
Rush Bagot Agreement, 1817
• Canadians upset with Treaty of Ghent – no
assurances for them!
– Wanted control of Great Lakes
• Limited naval armaments on the Great Lakes
– One warship on Lake Ontario (one cannon)
– Two warships on the upper lakes (one cannon)
• Led to the removal of all fortifications by the
1870’s
• Longest unfortified boundary in the world –
5,527 miles long!
Treaty of 1818
• Between British and Americans
• Border between Canada and America is
established along 49th parallel from Lake
of the Woods, MN to Rocky Mountains
• Ten year agreement to jointly control the
Oregon territory
Adams Onis Treaty, 1819
• Jackson’s Invasion of Florida
– Spain upset
• United States refused to apologize
– Spain should sell the territory if they could not control
their borders.
• Terms
– Spain ceded Florida and Spanish claims to the
Oregon territory
– America let go of claims to the Texas territory
– Established border between American and Spanish
territory in the West
Missouri Compromise, 1820
• Missouri – 1st La. Purch territory to apply
for statehood
– Tallmadge Amendment – James Tallmadge
(NY rep) tried to amend the bill…
• Established the 36* 30’ line
• Significance
– Temporary fix to slave v. free territory question
related to expansion
Monroe Doctrine, 1823
• Simply a declaration (in Monroe’s State of
the Union)
• United States declared that the Western
Hemisphere is closed to expansion
• Provided precedent for US to expand
westward. Also was the backbone of
imperialism and the Roosevelt Corollary
Russo-American Agreement, 1824
• Question as to who laid claim to territory in
the Northwest. British, Americans, or
Russians
• Established the border between the
Oregon and Alaskan territory at the 54* 40’
line.
– Russia controlled Alaska
• Russia relinquished claims to Oregon
Territory
Indian Removal Policy
• From 1830-1838, Native Americans are
moved from their territory in the deep
south to west of the Mississippi River
• Clears way for American settlement of
prime cotton land
Webster Ashburton Treaty, 1842
• Prior to this the Maine/Canadian border was not
firmly established
– Treaty of Paris unclear
– Led to skirmishing: the Aroostook war
• Between Canadians and Maine
• Finally settled on the line separating the two
countries which …
– established northern border of Maine
– Additional language defined the borders in Minnesota
• Continued to promote a peaceful relationship
between the US and Canada
Manifest Destiny
• America had slowly been expanding west
• As America entered the 1840s it was
growing economically, industrially,
technologically and America now had some
swagger.
• People began to believe that America was
theirs for the taking
• In 1845 – John O’ Sullivan (NY journalist)
coin the phrase when he wrote, “the
fulfillment of our manifest destiny to
overspread the continent allotted by
Providence for the free development of our
yearly multiplying millions”
• i.e. – It is God’s will for Americans to
expand westward and bring the bounty of
their culture to the west
Go West, Young Man!
• Settlers followed specific trails west as to
not lose their way
• The Oregon Trail headed northwest along
the Platte and Snake Rivers, took people
to Portland
• California Trail went near San Francisco
Donner Party
• One ill-fated group of travelers decided to take
a short cut on the California trail in 1846
• It set them back three weeks and by the time
they reached the Sierra Nevada Mountains, a
snowstorm had blocked their passage
• They set up camp and 15 volunteers went for
help
• The 15 volunteers ran out of food and were
forced to cannibalize one another to stay alive.
Seven of the 15 made it to the Western side of
the mountains
• A search party found the many of the Donner
Party at their camp, weak, but alive
Annexation of Texas, 1845
• Texas won independence from Mexico,
1836
• Slavery issue prevented it from being
admitted as a state
• Election of 1844 – Texas is a major issue,
Polk wins on expansion policy
• Lame duck President John Tyler signed a
joint resolution of Congress to invite Texas
to become part of the Union
Annexation of Texas, 1845
Buchanan Pakenham Treaty 1846
• Also known as Treaty of 1846
• Oregon Territory jointly held by British and
Americans
• British and Americans negotiate for this territory.
Polk utters the “54* 40’ or fight” ultimatum
– Neither side wanted a conflict
– The British were too far away
– The Americans were engaged in a war with Mexico
• Compromise led to the border being established
at the 49th parallel
– Becomes Washington, Oregon, Idaho and parts of
Montana
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848
• Ends the Mexican-American War
• Established border between Mexico and
America along the Rio Grande
• America gains 1.2 million sq. miles of
territory including California, New Mexico,
Arizona, Nevada, and Utah
Land Acquisition, 1845-1848
Compromise of 1850
• Henry Clay
• 1849 – Gold Rush
– California applied for statehood as a free state
– South is not happy
• Multiple provisions:
– California free
– No slave trade in D.C. (Slavery could still exist in D.C.
– Popular sovereignty in NM and UT territories
• Effectively free territories?
– Fugitive Slave law strengthened
Gadsden Purchase, 1852
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In 1839, James Gadsden was President of the South Carolina Railroad
– He wanted to create a transcontinental railroad to make west commercially
dependent on the south rather than the north
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Best route was to avoid the Rocky Mountains, which dipped slightly into
Mexican territory
After pulling some strings, President Franklin Pierce appointed Gadsden as
United States Minister to Mexico
Gadsden and Mexican President Santa Anna negotiate for this territory
– Santa Anna needed money
– Also, he no longer wanted to deal with the hostile Indians who lived in this
territory
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They agreed that the US would pay $10 million for a strip of territory south
of the Gila River, which is now southwestern New Mexico and southern
Arizona (about the size of Pennsylvania).
Gadsden Purchase was originally written to be 250,000 sq mi (almost 1/3 of
Mexico), but Santa Anna was unwilling to sell that much
Ostend Manifesto, 1854
• Spanish consider offering emancipation to
slaves on Cuba
• This concerns Southerners who don’t want to
see emancipation so close to United States
border
• American diplomats meet in Ostend, Belgium to
devise a negotiating strategy
– They suggest that if Spain doesn’t sell, that the United
States should take Cuba by force
• Pierce administration renounced this idea
because of pressure from free-soilers
Alaska Purchase, 1867
• Purchased by US Secretary of State William Seward
• Aka Seward’s Folly
• Russia sells the US a large block of ice for
$7.2 million in March 1867
• US focus was still on Reconstruction and antiexpansionist
• Why purchase?
– Maintain good relations with Russia who was pro-Union during
CW
– Rumors of great fish, furs and gold
As luck would have it – rich in oil and gas! What a bargain after all!