Transcript Pre-WWII Europe - St. John`s School AP US History Class

The Versailles Treaty
Germany
•Blamed for war
•Lost colonies
•New countries
formed out theirs
•Paid (war debts)
reparations
A Weak League of Nations
The Ineffectiveness of the League of
Nations
 No control of major conflicts.
 No progress in disarmament.
 No effective military force.
Afghanistan—1934
Albania—1920 (taken over by Italy
league
in 1939)
Argentina
Australia
Austria (taken over by Germany
Germany--1926, withdrew, 1933
Greece
In 1938)
Guatemala (withdrew, 1936)
Belgium
Haiti (withdrew, 1942)
Bolivia
Honduras, (withdrew, 1936)
Brazil (withdrew, 1926)
Hungary—1922, withdrew, 1939
Bulgaria---1920
India
Canada
Iraq—1932
Chile (withdrew, 1938)
Ireland—1923
China (invaded by Japan, 1937)
Italy (withdrew, 1937)
Colombia
Japan (withdrew, 1933)
Costa Rica—1920, withdrew, 1925
Latvia—1921
Cuba
Liberia
Czechoslovakia
Lithuania—1921
Denmark
Dominican Republic—1924
Ecuador—1934
Egypt—1937
El Salvador (withdrew, 1937)
Estonia—1921
Ethiopia—1923 (taken over by Italy in 1936)
Finland—1920
France
Luxembourg--1920
Mexico--1930
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua (withdrew, 1936)
Norway
Panama
Paraguay (withdrew, 1936)
Persia
Peru (withdrew,1939)
Poland
Portugal
Romania (withdrew, 1940)
Siam
Spain (withdrew, 1939)
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey--1932
Union of South Africa
USSR—1934, expelled, 1939
United Kingdom
Uruguay
Venezuela (withdrew, 1938)
Yugoslavia
Problems in Europe After WWI
Great Depression
• Economic = people were jobless
• Political = weak governments
could not solve problems in their
countries --> led people to turn to
dictators or Socialist leaders
• Social = times of unrest people
look for a leader.
International Agreements
 Several attempts by U.S. to get
countries to agree to disarming
 Washington Disarmament
Conference
 Geneva Convention
 Treaties with Japan
 Kellog-Briand Pact – 1928
 Makes war illegal as a tool of
diplomacy
o No enforcement provisions
•Power of government rests in one man.
•TOTAL POWER
•No freedoms in this society…..
•Usually racist and discriminatory towards
certain groups……
•Often have large militaries and must
expand and conquer to gain approval from
their people.
dictators
dictators
Totalitarian
dictators came
to power
during the
1920s and
1930s in
Europe.
Adolph Hitler
Benito Mussolini
Joseph Stalin
COMMUNISM, FASCISM AND NAZISM that developed in Europe
at this time are considered TOTALITARIAN DICTATORSHIPS
NAZISM AND FASCISM: a philosophy or
system of government that advocates or
exercises a dictatorship, state control of
industry, racial superiority, supremacy of the
leader, limits civil rights, and an ideology of
nationalism, militarism and expansion
•Opposite of democracy and capitalism
NAZISM: STANDS FOR NATIONAL
SOCIALISTIC PARTY……A TOTALITARIAN
DICTATORSHIP----GERMANY.
FACISM: BASED ON A SYMBOL OF
AUTHORITY IN THE OLD ROMAN EMPIRE…A
TOTALITARIAN DICTATORSHIP----ITALY
nazism
•Joseph Stalin
•1921/Soviet Union
Communism
Spread Communism
throughout the world
•Stalin maneuvered himself into becoming the leader
of the Soviet Union.
•The Russian Revolution was led by the people to
overthrow a monarch but when the new ruling class
took over, there were no protections of people’s
rights…… “NO BILL OF RIGHTS”
•Communism and fascism are similar in their
ideologies
dictators
dictators
Benito Mussolini
1922/Italy---Facism
Believe, Obey and
Fight
Benito Mussolini gained power in Italy both by advocating the popular
idea of Italian conquest in East Africa and by terrorizing those who
opposed him.
•Once appointed prime minister by the king, Mussolini, calling himself
Il Duce, suspended elections, outlawed other political parties, and
established a dictatorship.
•Mussolini’s rule improved the ailing Italian economy. Under Mussolini,
the Italian army successfully conquered the African nation of Ethiopia
in May 1936.
The Rise of Adolph Hiler
Born in Austria
Fought in WWI and was bitter towards
the Treaty of Versailles
The Rise of Adolph Hiler

An Austrian painter, hated the way the
Versailles Treaty humiliated Germany and
stripped it of its wealth and land.

After the war his job in the army was to
keep tabs on different political parties.
 Discovers a small political party known as The
National Socialist German Workers Party (NAZI)
 Begins to work himself into the leadership positions
of the Nazi party
The
Nazi Party: Hitler joined and soon led the Nazi Party in Germany.
The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923
November 1923 - The "Beer Hall
Putsch:” Hitler and the Nazis try to
overthrow the local government of
Munich, Germany.
The Rise of Adolph Hitler
 It fails and Hitler is arrested.
 He is convicted 1924 and serves 9 months out of a 5-year sentence.
 Hitler writes his book Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”) or outlining his political
struggles.
 His book was not taken seriously at first, but eventually becomes popular
and includes many of the ideas the Nazis put in practice in the 1930s and
1940s.
 After his release from prison, he continued to work with the Nazi party to
take over Germany.
Hitler’s Rise to Power: 1919 to 1933
• In this Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”),
he proposed that Germany defy the
Versailles Treaty by rearming and
reclaiming lost land.
• He also blamed minority groups,
especially Jews, for Germany’s
weaknesses.
• Hitler Becomes Chancellor:
Between 1930 and 1934, the Nazi
Party gained a majority in the
Reichstag, the lower house of the
German parliament.
• Adolph Hitler is appointed
chancellor of Germany in 1933
• He moved to suppress many
German freedoms and gave himself
the title Der Führer, or “the leader.”
Revenge towards
the Treaty of
Versailles
Rearm Germany
Take back land lost
from WWI
He wanted to create a
THIRD REICH
GERMANY WOULD BECOME THE THIRD WORLD EMPIRE AND UNITE ALL GERMAN
SPEAKING NATIONS THAT WOULD RULE THE WORLD FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS.
dictators
Form: A cross with four equal arms,
each bent at a right angle.
Word: From the Sanskrit word
svastika, “creating well-being.”
History: An ancient Aryan symbol of the sun
Importance: Hitler adopted the swastika as
its symbol with the aim of making a connection
between the ancient Aryans and the modern
German people. In making this connection,
the Nazis tried to support their claim that the
modern German people were a “master race.”
reich
dictators
•The Nazis used a
political police
•the Gestapo
•the SS corps
•Propaganda to
gain total power.
•Anti-Nazi leaders
were arrested.
•Violated the privacy of postal and telephonic
communications.
•Nazis did not need search warrants for
house searches or for confiscating or
restricting private property.
FREEDOMS LOST
•FREEDOM OF SPEECH
GONE
NAZI’S CENSORED
WHAT YOU COULD READ.
•DUE PROCESS
ELIMINATED
COULD BE ARRESTED
WITHOUT PROBABLE
CAUSE
•NO TRIAL BY JURY
NAZI’S PRACTICED
RACISM AND
PERSECUTION TOWARDS
THE JEWS.
•PEOPLE WERE STRIPPED
OF THEIR CIVIL RIGHTS...
FREEDOMS
LOST
Two Phases of Hatred
• Phase 1 1933-1939
– A Common Enemy : Re-Education
– Citizenship Rights?
– German Jews face deportation
– Violence Escalates----Kristalnacht
• Phase 2 (1939-1945)
– World War II begins vs. France/England
– Holocaust Begins--- The Final Solution
– Ghettos and Forced Labor Camps
– mass executions of Jews and Eastern
Europeans.
– Einzsengruben death squads
– Gas Chamber
•German
Propaganda
against the Jews.
•"The Jew: The
inciter of war, the
pro-longer of
war."
German children were taught in school that
Jews were inferior.
•Nazi Government Policy of
Anti-Semitism
•Purity of German blood was
essential to the existence of
the German people and nation.
•Nuremberg Laws passed in
1935 provided legal basis.
•Millions of Jews died in
German concentration camps.
1. Marriages between Jews and citizens
of German blood are forbidden.
2. Sexual relations outside marriage
between Jews and German blood are
forbidden.
3. Jews will not be permitted to employ
female citizens of German blood as
servants.
4. Jews are forbidden to display the
Reich and national flag or the national
colors.
nuremberg
5. Jewish children and German were
segregated.
6. The right to citizenship is acquired by
the granting of Reich citizenship
papers.
7. Only the citizen of the Reich enjoys
full political rights in accordance of the
laws.
8. A citizen of the Reich is of German
blood and who shows that he is both
desirous and fit to serve the German
people and Reich faithfully.
nuremberg
The first organized night of Nazi
violence against German Jews
Nov. 8 - 9, 1938
Thousands arrested, including college
professors, writers, doctors, etc.
Jewish businesses, stores, homes and
synagogues burned all through Germany
and other German Occupied countries
Nazi violence against German Jews led to
thousands hurt and many deaths…..
The Night of Broken Glass
Violence Escalates With Systematic Invasions
Japan Invades Manchuria 1931
Took the form of a god
Japan’s Manifest
Destiny was to expand
into China and the rest
of Asia.
Emperor Hirohito
dictators
1931: Japan’s
expansionist and
military leader
•Would threaten
United States
island possessions
and U.S. trade
policy into China,
(Open Door Policy)
Hideki Tojo
dictators
The Manchurian Incident
• By 1930, Japan lacked the land and raw materials
to care for its growing population. Many Japanese
saw the acquisition of neighboring Manchuria as a
solution to these problems.
• In September 1931, a Japanese army stationed in
Manchuria captured several cities. By February
1932, the army had seized all of Manchuria. This
seizure came to be known as the Manchurian
Incident.
• Japan set up Manchuria as a puppet state, or a
supposedly independent country under the
control of a powerful neighbor.
• After the Manchurian Incident, the military took a
much stronger hand in governing Japan,
especially in the area of foreign policy.
•1937: U.S.
refuses trade
with Japan
until they
withdraw from
China
•1940: China
invades
Indochina
• US freezes
Japanese
assets,
refused to
trade oil,
gasoline, and
steel.
map/japan
Munich
Conference
Sudetenland
•Part of Germany
before WWI.
•Treaty of
Versailles created
Czechoslovakia
•7,450,000 Czechs
•3,200,000
Germans
•2,300,000
Slovaks
•100,000 Poles
•Leaders met in Munich to decide the fate of Czechoslovakia..
•Hitler believed Sudetenland should be part of Germany.
•Adolf Hitler--Germany
Neville Chamberlain—England
Premier Edouard Deladier---France Benito Mussolini--Italy
•Hitler promised the world if he received the Sudetenland, he
would no longer expand Germany
Munich Conference
•Hitler: “All I want, is a Germany
for Germans”
•All Chamberlain of Britain
wanted was peace at any cost.
•Chamberlain believed that by
sacrificing Czechoslovakia, he
satisfied Hitler, who he believed
would stop being aggressive; he
promised “a peace with honor…
peace in our time.”
•FDR even sent a letter to Hitler
asking him to honor the Munich
Conference
•This was called the policy of
appeasement (When European
powers, including the US, gave
into Hitler’s demands)
•Later in 1939, Hitler would
invade and take the rest of
Czechoslovakia…….
•The United States learned
from the Munich Conference
that you cannot trust the words
of a dictator………
Munich Conference
•What is the
cartoonist trying
to say here?
•What is meant
by, “we might as
well try to appease
him”?
•How does the
cartoonist justify
his decision to
appease Hitler?
•Notice the
American
countries…….
What is this
symbolic of?
Umbrella Road
1. 1931---Japan invades Manchuria,
WWII begins in Asia
2. 1935---Italy invades Ethiopia
•
US and League of Nations demands
Japan to get out---Stimson Doctrine
•
L/N demands Italy to get out—No US sell
of weapons
3. 1936---Hitler invades the Rhineland •
L/N demands Germany to get out---US
Neutrality and refuses to sell arms to
Germany
4. 1937 to 1939---Spanish Civil War
•
US Neutrality----Spain becomes a fascist
dictatorship
5. 1937---Japan invades China
•
US neutral but demands Japan to
withdraw and refuses to sell iron, steel
and gasoline products
6. 1938--Hitler takes Sudetenland
•
Munich Conference--Great Britain and
France give into Hitler, Appeasement
US Neutral but FDR writes a letter to
Hitler & Mussolini asking them to
guarantee no more aggression.
•
CHART
CHART
7. 1938, Hitler takes Czechoslovakia
•
8. Sept. 1, 1939, Hitler invades Poland •
which begins WWII in Europe
Cannot trust “the words of a dictator”
Britain & France declare war on
Germany on Sept. 1, 1939. US neutral,
extends Cash and Carry Policy to Allies
9. 1940---Hitler’s inasion of Norway,
Denmark, Holland and Belgium
•
US neutral--freezes German assets-begins military buildup
10. 1940---Hitler takes France
•
US neutral, begins peacetime draft—
Selective Service
11. 1940---Japan’s invades Indochina
•
US neutral but demands withdrawal and
freezes Japanese money, Property and
embargo of oil, iron and steel.
12. 1940---Hitler attacks Great Britian
•
US neutral but extends Lend Lease
policy to Great Britain—last Democratic
Nation—Battle of Britian US becomes
the arsenal of democracy
13. 1941---Hitler’s invasion of Russia
•
US neutral but extends Lend Lease
to Russia…...US & Great Britain
draw up war goals in the Atlantic
Charter
14. 1941---Japan attacks Pearl Harbor
Dec. 7, 1941---Day of Infamy
•
Neutrality is ended and US declares
war on Japan, Germany and Italy
declare war on US
Answer the following questions from the chart
1. What was the position the US throughout most of the fascist aggression, Why?
2. What was the position of the League of Nations? Why were they so powerless
to stop this aggression?
3. Why is the Munich Conference and appeasement a turning point in preventing
war in Europe? Does it work? What “principle” does this set?
4. Name the ways the U.S. tried to avoid war and deal with fascist aggression.
5. Even though the US was neutral, what ways did the US begin to prepare
ourselves for war?
6. Which of the U.S. responses to fascist aggression marked the turning point inmoving the nation from neutrality to war?
7. To what extent was the reversal of neutrality in the best interest of the United
States?
CHART