Transcript Lec5

Section 3-4
Measures of Relative
Standing
Created by Tom Wegleitner, Centreville, Virginia
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
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Key Concept
This section introduces measures that can be
used to compare values from different data
sets, or to compare values within the same
data set. The most important of these is the
concept of the z score.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
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Definition
 z Score
(or standardized value)
the number of standard deviations
that a given value x is above or below
the mean
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
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Measures of Position z score
Sample
x
x
z= s
Population
x
µ
z=

Round z to 2 decimal places
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
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Interpreting Z Scores
Whenever a value is less than the mean, its
corresponding z score is negative
Ordinary values:
Unusual Values:
z score between –2 and 2
z score < -2 or z score > 2
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
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Definition
 Q1 (First Quartile) separates the bottom
25% of sorted values from the top 75%.
 Q2 (Second Quartile) same as the median;
separates the bottom 50% of sorted
values from the top 50%.
 Q1 (Third Quartile) separates the bottom
75% of sorted values from the top 25%.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
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Quartiles
Q1, Q2, Q3
divide ranked scores into four equal parts
25%
(minimum)
25%
25% 25%
Q1 Q2 Q3
(maximum)
(median)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
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Percentiles
Just as there are three quartiles
separating data into four parts, there
are 99 percentiles denoted P1, P2, . . .
P99, which partition the data into 100
groups.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
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Finding the Percentile
of a Given Score
Percentile of value x =
number of values less than x
• 100
total number of values
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
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Converting from the kth Percentile to
the Corresponding Data Value
Notation
L=
k
100
•n
n
k
L
Pk
total number of values in the data set
percentile being used
locator that gives the position of a value
kth percentile
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
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Converting from the
kth Percentile to the
Corresponding Data Value
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
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Some Other Statistics
 Interquartile Range (or IQR): Q3 - Q1
 Semi-interquartile Range:
Q3 - Q1
2
 Midquartile:
Q3 + Q1
2
 10 - 90 Percentile Range: P90 - P10
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
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Recap
In this section we have discussed:
 z Scores
 z Scores and unusual values
 Quartiles
 Percentiles
 Converting a percentile to corresponding
data values
 Other statistics
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
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