Transcript Detonation nanodiamonds: problems and prospects

Detonation nanodiamonds:
problems and prospects
V.V. Danilenko
Moscow
[email protected]
Transient period in technology cycle of
human civilization:
• Microstructures → Nanostructures
Microelectronics → Nanoelectronics
• What determine Decisions and Priorities?
• Market only or Scientific Forecast ?
•
No market ↔ no production ?
Detonation parameters and
phase diagram of nanocarbon
V.V. Danilenko. Fiz. Gor. Vzryva. 2005, V. 41, N. 5.
Detonation
Amorphization
Porosity
Scheme of explosive technology
Inert gas
Ice or water shell
Explosives:
CH3
O 2N
Dry
product
collector
O2N
NO2
N
+
NO2
TNT
Wet
product
collector
N
NO2
N
NO2
Hexogen
Further acid purification
DND structure and Properties
- DND nanoparticle - unique
combination of superhard inert
diamond core and highly active
porous amorphous cover on core.
- DND - polydispersional raw
material due to differ conditions for
DND synthesis in volume of
detonation charge
Structure of nanodiamond particle
Spherical shape
Surface functional groups
and adsorbed water
d = 2 - 8 nm
Diamond core
amorphous carbon,
sp3 → sp2 structuries
0.4 - 1 nm
Synthesis conditions and DND quality
Conditions of synthesis:
- Characteristics of a charge
(HE structure, geometry, weight, initiation).
- Environment surrounding a charge
(gas, water, ice, metal, mix).
Quality of the DND:
- The maintenance of the DND in detonation
carbon (the attitude sp3/sp2).
- A degree of DND particles connectivity in
strong units.
- Quantity of not carbon impurity.
Influence of Detonation Conditions on
the Quality of Nanodiamonds
Increase in Temperature, pressure, time, carbon concentration
Fractal
aggregates of
monocrystalls
Single point
binding
Nanoseconds
Porous
polycrystalls
Polycrystalls
Multi point binding
Full binding
Microseconds
Milliseconds
DND Applications
•
sp3/sp2:
Nanodiamonds-graphite……… 20 – 75 %
Pure DND………………. ……… > 95%
• Optimal contents in materials – 0,5 – 5%
•
Applications:
Motor oil, lubricates, electroplates, resin,
polymers, alloys, ceramics, polishing,
biology, medicine…
DND: paradoxical situation
• Good research of properties,
• it is found many applications,
• possible market of DND is estimated in $300 bls.
• Nevertheless market is not created.
• Many small manufactories are closed finally or
temporary (low profitableness).
Why?
Price for DND, $ / kg
Producer NABOND Nanogroup ALIT
China
Czech
Ukraine
Detona tion soot
DND
550
3000
for small
>4000
lots
In
Europe
550
550
800
1500
1600
2700
2000
2000
6000
Cost price of DND production in USA
100 kg /14 hours (24 t / year)
Parameters
of synthesis
Weight of charge
1 kg
20 kg
Reactor, N
22
1
Workers, N
44
4
Charges, N
2000
50
Cost price,
$ / kg DND
510 or
363
92 or
15
for HE cost = 0
for HE cost = 0
Market of DND is not created
on following causes:
• - no investors (big corporation or government)
• - very high price of DND
• - dependence synthesis condition – DND quality is
poorly investigated (synthesis without ashes)
- optimum DND quality for each application is not
found
- DND – polydispersion raw material – need treatments
- industrial technologies of gas-phase purification,
fractionation, strong units dispersion, modification
are not developed
- as result - industrial samples of materials and products
with DND are not created and not tested.
Proposals
•
Use for industrial production of DND:
charges ≥ 20 kg, explosion under water in close
pool (in heavy metal cover), laser initiation;
• utilization of old ammunition under water in close
pool;
•
• Production three group of diamond powder:
• - DND – 5 – 100 nms;
• - micropowders – 0.1 – 600 μm;
• - grindpowders – 0.6 – 1 mm.
Conclusion
• A number of not solved technological and
marketing problems, braking industrial
production and applications DND is analyzed.
• It is offered:
• - to synthesize simultaneously the DND and
abrasive diamond powders by explosion of the
big weight charge in a heavy metal cover under
water in closed pool;
• - utilization of old ammunition under water in
closed pool;
• V.V. Danilenko. Superhard Materials. 2010, N5
Thank you for attention