Transcript families
General characteristics
• • •
Hyphae are coenocytic Flagellated spores are absent Most reproduce asexually by producing sporangiospores within a special sac called the sporangium .
•
Sexual spores are called zygospores contained within a zygosporangium formed following gametangial fusion / copulation
Classification
• Two classes: Zygomycetes and •
• •
Trichomycetes.
Zygomycetes
• 870 species in 124 genera, 32 families and 10 orders.
Trichomycetes
• 218 species in 55 genera, 6 families and 3 orders.
Family
Mortierellaceae
Class: zygomycete.
order mucorales
Family
Mucoraceae
Family
Chaenophoraceae
Family
Cephalidaceae
Family
Thamnidiaceae
Family
Pilobolaceae
Asexual reproduction
• Reproduce asexually by sporangiospores in most orders of the Zygomycetes, conidia Entomophthorales and arthrospores in the in some Trichomycetes • Sporangium types (4 types) • True sporangium • Sporangioles - much smaller than true sporangia. No columella produced and few spores (1-50) • • Monosporous sporangium (one-spored sporangium) Merosporangium - sac containing 10 -15 sporangiospores that occur in a linear sequence
columella rhizoids
Rhizopus
sporangium sporangiophore
Sexual Reproduction
• •
Gametangial copulation Homo- & heterothallic species
• • •
Heterothallism the condition of being self-sterile, requiring a partner for sexual reproduction
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Homothallism the condition of being self fertile; able to reproduce sexually without a partner exhibited among species in this phylum zygos (Gr.) - yoke, joining Refers to the fusion of gametangia to form a unique structure called the zygosporangium
•
Zygosporangium
•
gametangium
Sexual Reproduction
+ Mycelium Suspensors Progametangia Zygospore Gametangia Zygote
Zygomycota Life Cycle
Order Mucorales
• 30% of known zygomycetes (~300 spp.) • Well developed, typically
coenocytic mycelium
• Wall composition of
chitosan
,
chitin
and
polyglucoronic
acid • Asexual reproduction by formation of
sporangiospores
cleaved out from the cytoplasm of
sporangia
•
Chlamydospores
may be formed • Called
mucoralean
or
mucoraceous
fungi
Mucorales
• Members of this group are the "weeds" of the fungal world • Common genera include
Mucor
,
Absidia
,
Rhizopus
, and
Pilobolu
s . • Grow and invade quickly on easily digestible substrates , such as those • Can act as parasites
containing starches, sugars, and hemicelluloses
and/or cause diseases in plants , animals and some insects and humans • In humans, such diseases are opportunistic and occur in an immunocompromised person (e.g., uncontrolled diabetes, AIDS)
Order Mucorales: Body plan
•
rhizoids:
root-like hyphae that adhere reproductive structures to substrate • stolon: connect two groups of rhizoids
Classification of mucorales
Mucorales is divided into the following
families:
1 Mucoraceae : sporangia always present, columellae present, zygospor usually naked; wall of the sporangium homogenous, not cuticularized, usually diffluent, sporangia of one sort.
2-
Thamnidiaceae
: sporangia of two – sorts, primary and secondary. e.g.
Thamnidium
sp.
3-
Pilobolaceae
: wall cuticularized and persistent above,thin and diffluent below. E.g.
pilobolus
sp .
4-
Mortierellaceae
: columella absent; zygospore enveloped in a dense hyphal covering. E.g.
mortierelle sp.