World War II (1939 1945) US Involvement (1941-1945)

What’s Essential?

 Causes of the War (underlying and direct)  Reasons for American Neutrality (various acts/events)  Reason for American entrance: Pearl Harbor  Wartime goals of the Allies

Essential to Know (con’t)  American Homefront (women, blacks, Japanese internment)  Yalta and Potsdam Conferences and their significance  Decision to drop atomic bomb and its lasting effects

What do we know about the world as a result of WWI?

The Road Towards American Intervention

Causes for World War II

UNDERLYING: DIRECT:

 Treaty of Versailles  Nationalism  Worldwide Depression  Germany invading Poland on September 1 st , 1939  Dictatorships  The policy of appeasement  American Isolationism

From Neutrality to Undeclared War  Roosevelt openly expressed his favor for an Allied victory & took steps to ready the U.S. for war –In 1937, FDR unsuccessfully tried to convince world leaders to “quarantine the aggressors” –Everything changed in 1939 with the Nazi-Soviet Pact & the German invasion of Poland

US=Turtle

The Axis Powers!!!

 Hitler and Nazi Germany Rise to power result of weakness of previous government (1933 became Chancellor)  Charismatic speaker, preached German nationalism, denounced Versailles Treaty  Blamed Jews, communists for Germany’s problems  Promised return of German pride

Benito Mussolini in Italy  Fascist leader who took control of Italy in 1922  Wanted to create another Roman Empire  Invaded Ethiopia in 1935  Along with Hitler supported Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (combat experience)

Japanese Expansion  Sought total control of Pacific (resources)  1931- military occupation of Manchuria  1936- Japan signs Pact with Germany, Italy  Nanking Massacre December 1937

Dr. Seuss Explains it all  Handout  Can you tell what events are being described?

 How can these cartoons be a product of their time and could taken out of historical context?

America: The Great Neutrilizer

President Roosevelt American Neutrality  Domestic: U.S. in midst of Great Depression, public intent on remaining neutral  1935: First Neutrality Act (no sale of arms to belligerent nations)  1937: Arm sales only on “cash and carry” basis  FDR warns of impending problems

Hitler and Mussolini Isolationism in the United States  Economic, military reasons for neutrality  Tried to prevent mistakes that led to WWI involvement  FDR: “Let no one imagine that we will escape…that this western hemisphere will not be attacked”—outraged many isolationists

 From Neutrality to Undeclared Europe War most important action in the reinforcement of our national defense that has been taken since the Louisiana Purchase” —FDR the Allies but did not call for war with England for 8 naval bases in Western

From Neutrality to Undeclared

Isolationists

  Appalled by this departure from neutrality & FDR’s involvement of the St. Louis Dispatch headline: “Dictator Roosevelt Commits Act of War” Germany was not a threat to the US War   The future of being decided upon the battlefield of Europe” —CDAAA chair, William Allen White aid to England They argued that the events in Europe did impact the security of US

From Neutrality to Undeclared War  Interventionists had the majority of public sentiment on their side: – Congress appropriated $10 billion for preparedness in 1940 – FDR called for America’s 1 3 rd term st peacetime draft – In the election of 1940, FDR was overwhelmingly elected for an unprecedented

  From Neutrality to Undeclared War By 1940, England remained the only active opposition to Hitler but was running out of money FDR called for a Lend-Lease Act: – US can sell or lend war supplies to Allied nations – Congress put $7 billion to allow England full access to US arms US Cash and Carry Program

Lend-Lease Supply Routes

 From Neutrality to Undeclared War England desperately needed help escorting these supplies through the u boat infested Atlantic – FDR allowed for US patrols in the western half of the Atlantic – German attacks on US ships led to an undeclared naval war in 1941 & allowed US ships to fully deliver war supplies to Allies US Cash and Carry Program

     Roosevelt’s Four Freedom’s Speech January 1941

To Congress, State of the Union, focus on war preparedness “…the future of all the American Republics is today in serious danger. That is why this Annual Message to the Congress is unique in our history. The need of the moment is that our actions and our policy should be devoted primarily-almost exclusively--to meeting this foreign peril. For all our domestic problems are now a part of the great emergency. Just as our national policy in internal affairs has been based upon a decent respect for the rights and the dignity of all our fellow men within our gates, so our national policy in foreign affairs has been based on a decent respect for the rights and dignity of all nations, large and small. And the justice of morality must and will win in the end.

    Four Freedoms “ The first is freedom of speech everywhere in the world. and expression- The

second is freedom of every person to worship God

in his own way--everywhere in the world. The

third is freedom from want-

-which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants-everywhere in the world. The

fourth is freedom from fear-

-which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor--anywhere in the world.”

From Neutrality to Undeclared War  In 1941, FDR & Churchill met to secretly draft the Atlantic Charter: – The U.S. & Britain discussed military strategy if America were to enter the war – They discussed post-war goals of liberty, free trade, & disarmament – Review Handout  In 1941, Hitler broke the Nazi-Soviet Pact & attacked Russia

 From Neutrality to Undeclared War FDR brought US to the brink of war & opened himself to criticism: – In Sept 1941, US polls showed 80% of Americans supported US neutrality in WW II – FDR had to wait for the Axis to make a decisive move…which Japan delivered on Dec 7, 1941

European Appeasement  1938- Hitler invades Austria, Sudetenland on Czech border  Munich Conference (1938): Chamberlain and Daladier allow Hitler to do this (appeasement)  Chamberlain: “Peace in our time”  British rearmament

War Erupts!!!

 March 1939- Hitler breaks Munich agreement, invades rest of Czechoslovakia

German “blitz” of Warsaw

  August 1939- Hitler signs nonaggression pact with rival USSR, turns attention west September 1, 1939 “blitzkrieg” invasion of Poland; Britain and France declare war on Germany

World War II (1939 1941)

Hitler’s Wild Ride in Europe While the U.S. Watches

Hitler Moves in Europe  April 1940- Hitler seizes Norway, Denmark  May- Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg  By June, Hitler controls France, turns attention to Britain  Fall 1940- Battle of Britain  London heavily bombed but Churchill remains defiant

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill

The United States and Britain  1939- Roosevelt revises Neutrality Act, allows for arms trade  Public opinion divided  Election of 1940- FDR wins 3 rd term  1940: Destroyers for Bases Deal  1941: Lend-Lease Act

 “Destroyers for Bases”: called for 50 American destroyers to be exchanged for the use of 8 British naval bases along the North Atlantic coast  “Lend-lease”: made it possible to lend or lease supplies to any country whose interests were vital (GB)- $50 billion

The U.S. Enters the War  The “destroyers for bases” deal allowed the U.S. to extend its influence

USS Greer Atlantic Charter

 August 1941- Atlantic Charter: Churchill and FDR agree to defend democracy, free trade and economic advancement  The U.S. destroyer 1941

Greer

attacked in September  US directly involved in naval warfare

United States and Japan

Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

 Japan wanted to extend influence in Far East  July 1940: U.S. embargo of raw materials to Japan  1941: Lend-Lease aid to China  Anticipating attack in the Philippines  December 7, 1941: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

Images of Pearl Harbor

America Enters War  Pearl Harbor attack devastates nation  FDR: “A date which will live in infamy”  December 8, 1941- FDR receives war declaration from Congress against Japan  Germany, Italy declare war on United States

FDR addresses Congress after Pearl Harbor attack

Japanese Internment  February, 1942: FDR issues Executive Order  Over 100,000 Japanese-Americans on West Coast moved to the interior  Japanese farms/businesses bought for far less value

Allied Military Strategy (1941-1945)

A.) Arsenal of Democracy

 Mobilizing for War 1940- Economy focuses on military mobilization  Massive industrial output (twice as productive as Germany, 5 times Japan)  Primary focus: tanks, planes, battleships  War Production Board  Military draft, training

Wartime propaganda

 Mobilizing for War (con’t)

Wars Power Act=

set precedent for executive authority. President gained power to reorganize the federal government and create new agencies  (Handout)

Organizing the Economy  Outproduce enemies will gain victory within the war  1941: Government pouring vast amounts into defense productions.

 6 Months after PH: allocations topped off at $100 billion for equipment and supplies  Factories pimped out for production (TOTAL WAR) pg. 896

 New Workers (Pg. 897) Mexicans (Bracero Program) 200,000 for short term employment (Farm workers)  Native Americans (Sioux and Navajo) build ordinance depots and military training centers  African Americans (Opportunities in all areas)  Women

Home Front 1941-1945  Dynamics of Families  Internment of the Japanese  Double V Campaign for African Americans  Women and new gender role  Latino Americans (Zoot Suit Riots)  “The Good War”

Mural Activity  Essential Question:

–How would you depict the “Great Arsenal of Democracy” effectiveness with the American Home Front?

The Liberation of Europe  FDR: Liberate Europe first and pursue an “active defense” in the Pacific  Battle of Atlantic: Hitler’s “Wolf Packs” vs. Allied Navies

Erwin Rommel, the “Desert Fox”

 Clear Germany from North Africa  Late 1942: Only Tunisia was controlled by Axis Powers

Allied Advances in Europe (1943-1944)  January, 1943: Allies agree to fight until they win “unconditional surrender”  February 1943: SU takes back Stalingrad and moves westward  Same time, Allied victory in Tunisia secures Africa

Allied Advancements Cont…  July 10, 1943: The invasion of Italy.  Fighting continues from July 1943 to June 1944 (70,000 Allied troops killed)  Separate peace was signed with new Italian government in September, 1943

Unconditional Surrender in Europe (1944-1945)  Britain and U.S. air raid strategic sights in Germany (Flying Fortresses)  June 6, 1944: D-Day and the Allied invasion of Normandy  Battle at Normandy lasted from June 6-July 24  August 25, 1944: France liberated

Germany’s Last Gasp Effort  Hitler was caught between Allied troops coming from the West and Stalin’s forces coming from the East.

 December 1944: Battle of the Bulge  April 25, 1945: Russia and Allied Forces meet at the Elbe River  May 8, 1945: Germany surrenders (V-E DAY)

YALTA CONFERENCE  (February 1945) Plans for German surrender  Stalin agrees to hold free elections and help with Japan  Broken promises, USSR’s position strengthened  Initiated Cold War

Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin

Allied Military Strategy in the Pacific (1941-1945)  By 1942, Japan had controlled almost the entire area of the Pacific  Allies were able to hold on to Hawaii and Samoa  “Active defense” campaign: -Battle of the Coral Sea (May,1942) -Battle of Midway (June, 1942) -Battle of Guadalcanal (Aug. 1942-Feb. 1943)

The Pacific Theatre Cont…  The Allies took control of several islands in the Pacific under the leadership of General Douglas MacArthur -Iwo Jima (1945) -Okinawa (1945)  The recapture of the Philippines was the highlight (Oct. 1944-March 1945)

“The Alternative to Surrender is Prompt and Utter Destruction”  August 6, 1945: Atomic bomb is dropped on Hiroshima (at least 75,000 killed)  August 9, 1945: Atomic bomb is dropped on Nagasaki

World War II- The Homefront    American industry key to victory Built tanks, bombs, guns, ships, ammunition, etc.

War bonds (borrowed $$$ from Americans) raised about $50 billion for war effort “Rosie the Riveter” inspired many women to contribute   Women “filling in” for men off at war Victory Gardens

 Blacks in WWII WWII effort directly led to later civil rights movement  Patton’s “Black Panther” Battalion at Battle of the Bulge  Tuskegee Airmen  July, 1948: Truman signs Executive Order integrating US military

“The War is Over”  Japan surrenders to Allied Forces on the

U.S. Missouri

after the second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki August 14 th – V-J Day

THE COSTS OF THE WAR  U.S. lost over 300,000  World suffered at least 60 million  Over 25 million Russians alone died  Over 10 million in death camps  New fears arise after the war– fight to contain Communism– THE COLD WAR ERA!!